Chapter 11.13 ALASKA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE ADOPTED

A. All pedestrians and drivers of vehicles must obey the instructions of an applicable official traffic-control device placed and displayed in accordance with the provisions of statutes, regulations, or ordinances, unless otherwise directed by a police officer or other authorized person directing traffic, and except as provided in Sections 11.13.02.517 and 11.13.02.520 for emergency vehicles.

B. A provision of this chapter for which official traffic-control devices are required may not be enforced against an alleged violator if, at the time and place of the alleged violation, an official traffic-control device is not operable or is not in a position which is sufficiently visible and legible so as to be observed by a reasonably observant person.

C. When official traffic-control devices are placed in position and displayed pursuant to the requirements of this chapter, the devices are presumed to have been placed and displayed by an official act or direction of lawful authority, and are presumed to comply with the requirements and provisions of this chapter unless the contrary is established by competent evidence.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.010 Traffic-control signal legend.

A. When traffic is controlled by an official traffic-control signal displaying colored lights or lighted arrows, only green, red, and yellow may be used, except for a special pedestrian signal carrying a word legend. The lights indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles and pedestrians as follows:

1. Green indication:

a. Vehicular traffic facing a circular green signal may proceed through or turn right or left, unless a sign at the location prohibits the turn; vehicular traffic, including vehicles turning right or left, must yield the right-of-way to other vehicles and to pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk at the time the signal is exhibited,

b. Vehicular traffic facing a green arrow signal may cautiously enter the intersection to make the movement indicated by the arrow, or other movement permitted by other indications shown at the same time; vehicular traffic must yield the right-of-way to pedestrians within an adjacent crosswalk and to other traffic lawfully using the intersection; display of a green arrow signal indicates that the movement indicated by the arrow is not impeded by oncoming traffic,

c. Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian-control signal, as provided in Section 11.13.02.015, pedestrians facing a green signal, except when the green signal is a turn arrow, may proceed across the roadway within a marked or unmarked crosswalk;

2. Steady yellow indication:

a. Vehicular traffic facing a steady yellow signal is warned that the movement allowed under subsection A(1) of this section is being terminated and that a red indication will be exhibited immediately following the yellow indication,

b. Pedestrians facing a steady circular yellow or yellow arrow signal, unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian-control signal as provided in Section 11.13.02.015, may not start to cross the roadway, as there is insufficient time to cross before a red indication will be exhibited;

3. Steady red indication:

a. Vehicular traffic facing a steady circular red signal may not enter the intersection and must stop at a clearly marked stop line or, if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection or, if none, before entering the intersection; vehicular traffic must remain standing until an indication to proceed is shown, except as provided in subsection A(3)(b) of this section,

b. A driver of a vehicle who has stopped as provided in subsection A(3)(a) of this section may, after stopping, cautiously proceed to turn right or left from the lawful lane for the turn, except that no person may turn left onto a two-way street when facing a steady red indication; these movements are not allowed if an official traffic-control device prohibits them or directs the driver’s attention to a green arrow signal which controls these movements; vehicular traffic making such a turn must yield the right-of-way to another vehicle or to a pedestrian lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk at the time the signal is exhibited,

c. Vehicular traffic facing a steady red arrow indication may not enter the intersection to make the movement indicated by the arrow and, unless entering the intersection to make a movement permitted by another indication, must stop at a clearly marked stop line or, if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection or, if none, before entering the intersection, and must remain standing until an indication permitting the movement indicated by the red arrow is shown,

d. Unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian-control signal as provided in Section 11.13.02.015, no pedestrian facing a steady circular red or red arrow signal may enter the roadway.

B. If an official traffic-control signal is maintained at a place other than an intersection, the provisions of this section are applicable to the signal, except as to those provisions which by nature have no application. A required stop must be made at a sign or marking on the pavement indicating where the stop must be made or, if none, the stop must be made at the signal.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.02.015 Pedestrian-control signals.

When a pedestrian-control signal exhibiting the words “walk” or “don’t walk” is in place, the signal indicates as follows:

A. “Walk.” A pedestrian facing this signal may proceed across the roadway in the direction of the signal, and every driver must yield the right-of-way to the pedestrian;

B. “Don’t walk.” No pedestrian may start to cross the roadway in the direction of this signal; a pedestrian who has partially completed his crossing on the “walk” signal shall proceed to a sidewalk or safety island while the “don’t walk” signal is showing.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.020 Flashing signals.

A. A flashing red or yellow light which appears in a traffic signal or a traffic sign requires obedience by vehicular traffic as follows:

1. Flashing Red (Stop Signal). When a red lens is lighted with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles must stop at a clearly marked stop line or, if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection or, if none, then at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering it; the right to proceed is subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign;

2. Flashing Yellow (Caution Signal). When a yellow lens is lighted with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles may proceed cautiously through the intersection or past the yellow signal.

B. This section does not apply at railroad grade crossings where the conduct of drivers is prescribed in 13 AAC 02.240–255.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.030 Display of unauthorized signs, signals, or markings.

A. No person may place, maintain, or display upon or in view of a highway a sign, signal, marking, light, or other device which purports to be or resembles an official traffic-control device or railroad sign or signal, or which attempts to direct the movement of traffic, conceals or interferes with the effectiveness of an official traffic-control device or a railroad sign or signal, or dazzles, blinds or otherwise interferes with the vision of a driver.

B. A sign, display, or device placed, maintained, or displayed upon or in view of a highway must conform to the requirements of AS 19.25.080 – 19.25.180.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.050 Driving on right side of roadway—Exceptions and special situations.

A. Upon a roadway of sufficient width, a vehicle must be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except as follows:

1. When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into an alley, private road or driveway;

2. When traveling upon a roadway marked or divided as provided by 13 AAC 02.025 and Sections 11.13.02.085 and 11.13.02.095, or upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic; or

3. When an obstruction exists making it necessary to drive to the left of the center of the highway; a driver must yield the right-of-way to all vehicles traveling in the opposite direction upon the unobstructed portion of the highway.

B. Upon all roadways, a vehicle proceeding at less than the maximum authorized speed of traffic must be driven as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into an alley, private road or driveway. However, on a two-lane highway outside an urban area where passing is unsafe because of oncoming traffic or other conditions, the driver of a motor vehicle proceeding at less than the maximum authorized speed of traffic and behind whom five or more vehicles are formed in a line shall turn off the roadway at the nearest place designated as a turnout or wherever sufficient area for a safe turnout exists in order to permit following vehicles to pass.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.055 Passing on right.

A. The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass on the right of another vehicle only under conditions permitting the movement in safety, and

1. When the vehicle overtaken is making, or is about to make, a left turn from a lane to the left of the overtaking vehicle, or is stopped or disabled; or

2. When the vehicles are traveling upon an unobstructed roadway of sufficient width for two or more lines of vehicles, moving lawfully in the direction of the overtaking vehicle.

B. No vehicle overtaking another vehicle on the right may return to its original lane until clear of the overtaken vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.060 Limitations on driving left of center.

A. No vehicle may be driven on the left side of a roadway under the following conditions:

1. When approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in a highway where the driver’s view is obstructed for a distance which creates a hazard if another vehicle is approaching from the opposite direction;

2. Within one hundred feet of or traversing an intersection or railroad grade crossing; or

3. When the view is obstructed upon approaching within one hundred feet of a bridge, viaduct, or tunnel.

B. The provisions in subsection A of this section do not apply to vehicles on a one-way roadway, or under the conditions described in Section 11.13.02.050A(3), or to the driver of a vehicle turning left from an alley, private road or driveway.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.065 Overtaking a vehicle on the left—Limitations.

A. Except as provided in Section 11.13.02.055, the driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass to the left of the overtaken vehicle at a safe distance, and may not return to its right lane until safely clear of the overtaken vehicle. Upon audible signal, the driver of the overtaken vehicle shall give way to the right in favor of the overtaking vehicle. If the driver of the overtaking vehicle must perform the passing maneuver in a lane reserved for oncoming traffic, the driver of the overtaken vehicle may not increase the speed of his vehicle until the overtaking vehicle has passed and driven back to the right side of the roadway.

B. No vehicle may be driven to the left side of the center of a roadway in overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction unless authorized by this chapter and unless the left side of the roadway is clearly visible and free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit the overtaking and passing to be completed without interfering with the flow of traffic approaching from the opposite direction or with a vehicle overtaken. The overtaking vehicle shall return to an authorized lane of travel as soon as practicable and, if the passing movement involves the use of a lane authorized for vehicles approaching from the opposite direction, before coming within two hundred feet of an approaching vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.070 Passing vehicles proceeding in opposite directions.

Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right; and upon a roadway having width for not more than one line of traffic in each direction, each driver shall give to the other at least one-half of the roadway as nearly as possible. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.075 No-passing zones.

B. Where an official traffic-control device is in place to define a no-passing zone, no driver may drive on the left side of the roadway within the no-passing zone or on the left side of the solid yellow striping designed to mark the no-passing zone.

C. This section does not apply to a roadway restricted to one-way traffic or to a driver of a vehicle turning left into or from an alley, private road or driveway, unless an official traffic-control device specifically prohibits the turn.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.080 One-way roadways and rotary traffic islands.

A. When the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities or a municipality, with respect to highways under their jurisdictions, designates a highway, roadway, part of a roadway, or specific lanes for one-way traffic, it must erect traffic-control devices giving notice of the one-way traffic lane or lanes.

B. Upon a roadway designated for one-way traffic, a vehicle must be driven only in the direction designated by the traffic-control device.

C. A vehicle passing around a rotary traffic island shall be driven to the right of the island.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.085 Driving on roadways laned for traffic.

A. A vehicle must be driven as nearly as practicable within a single lane, and may not be moved from that lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made with safety.

B. Upon a roadway which is divided into three lanes and provides for two-way movement of traffic, no vehicle may be driven in the center lane, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle traveling in the same direction when the center lane is clear of traffic for a safe distance, in preparation for making or completing a left turn, or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction that the vehicle is proceeding.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.090 Following too closely.

A. A driver of a motor vehicle may not follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having regard for the speed of the vehicles, the traffic upon the roadway, and the condition of the roadway.

B. A driver of a motor vehicle towing another vehicle, when traveling upon a roadway outside a business or residence district, and which is following another motor vehicle which is also towing another vehicle shall, when conditions permit, leave sufficient space between his vehicle and the vehicle being towed in front of him so that an overtaking vehicle may enter and occupy the space without danger. This does not prevent a motor vehicle towing another vehicle from overtaking and passing a like vehicle or other vehicle.

C. A motor vehicle being driven upon a roadway outside a business or residence district in a caravan or motorcade, whether or not towing another, must be operated so as to allow sufficient space between each vehicle or combination of vehicles to enable another vehicle to enter and occupy the space without danger. This provision does not apply to a funeral procession.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.095 Use of divided and controlled- access highways—Restrictions.

A. When a highway has been divided into two or more roadways by an intervening space, physical barrier, or clearly indicated dividing section constructed to impede vehicular traffic, every vehicle must be driven on the right-hand roadway unless directed or permitted to use another roadway by an official traffic-control device, police officer, fireman or authorized flagman. No vehicle may be driven over, across, or within the dividing space, barrier, or section, except through an opening or at an established crossover or intersection, unless specifically directed to do so by state or local authority.

B. When the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities or a municipality, with respect to a controlled-access highway under its jurisdiction, prohibits or limits the use of the highway to certain types of vehicles or traffic, it must erect and maintain signs on the highway notifying drivers of the limitations.

C. A person may drive a vehicle onto or from a controlled-access roadway only at entrances and exits established by public authority.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.107 Driving on mountain highways.

A driver of a motor vehicle traveling on mountain roadways or through canyons or other terrain in which the roadway is narrow and winding, or visibility is restricted, shall drive his vehicle as near the right-hand edge of the roadway as is reasonably practicable. The driver may give audible warning with the horn when approaching the crest of a grade or curve where the view is obstructed for a distance of two hundred feet along the roadway as measured from the front of his vehicle, if the driver believes that audible warning is reasonably necessary to assure safe operation. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.120 Vehicle approaching or entering intersection.

A. When two vehicles enter or approach an intersection which is not controlled by an official traffic-control device, from different roadways at or approximately at the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right-of-way to the vehicle on the right except as otherwise provided in this section.

B. A driver having stopped and yielded may proceed when a safe interval occurs and when other traffic in or near the intersection does not constitute an immediate hazard and while exercising caution, irrespective of the “vehicle on the right” rule stated in subsection A of this section. When so proceeding, other vehicles approaching or at the intersection must yield.

C. The right-of-way rules in subsections A and B of this section do not apply if the approach or entrance of a vehicle into an intersection is otherwise covered by traffic regulations.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.125 Vehicle turning left.

The driver of a vehicle intending to turn left at an intersection or into an alley, private road or driveway shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle approaching from the opposite direction which is within the intersection or is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.130 Stop signs and yield signs.

B. Except when directed to proceed by a police officer, fireman, or authorized flagman, a driver of a vehicle approaching a stop sign shall stop at a clearly marked stop line or, if none, before entering the crosswalk on the rear side of the intersection or, if none, at the point nearest the intersecting roadway where the driver has a view of approaching traffic on the intersecting roadway before entering it. After having stopped, a driver shall yield the right-of-way to a vehicle in the intersection or approaching on another roadway so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard.

C. The driver of a vehicle approaching a yield sign shall slow to a speed reasonable for the existing conditions and, if required for safety, stop as required in subsection B of this section. After slowing or stopping, the driver shall yield the right-of-way as provided in subsection B of this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.135 Vehicle entering roadway.

B. The driver of a vehicle about to enter or cross a roadway from a place other than another roadway shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles approaching on the roadway so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.140 Driving of vehicles on approach of authorized emergency vehicles.

A. Upon the approach of an authorized emergency vehicle making use of a visual signal meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.090 and audible signals meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.210D, or a police vehicle making use of either a visual or an audible signal, the driver of every vehicle proceeding in any direction shall yield the right-of-way by slowing, stopping, changing lanes, or pulling to the right-hand edge of the roadway clear of an intersection to await passage of the emergency vehicle.

B. Except for a driver of an authorized emergency vehicle responding to an emergency, a driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way as provided in subsection A of this section to a vehicle displaying a flashing blue light as prescribed in Section 11.13.04.100. The vehicle displaying a flashing blue light shall yield the right-of-way to an authorized emergency vehicle which is responding to an emergency.

C. The provisions of this section do not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle or a vehicle displaying a flashing blue light from the duty to drive with regard for the safety of all persons using the highways. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.150 Pedestrian obedience to traffic-control devices and traffic regulations.

A. Pedestrians must comply with traffic and pedestrian-control signals as provided in Sections 11.13.04.010 and 11.13.04.015 and are subject to the applicable restrictions in this chapter.

B. No pedestrian may enter or remain upon a bridge or its approach beyond the bridge signal, gate, or barrier after a bridge-operations signal indication has been given; nor may a pedestrian pass through, around, over, or under a crossing gate or barrier at a railroad grade crossing or bridge while the gate or barrier is closed or is being opened or closed.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.160 Crossing at other than crosswalks.

A. A pedestrian crossing a roadway at a point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway, except as provided in Section 1 1.13.02.260D.

B. No pedestrian may cross a roadway at a point where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided and which is accessible at road level at or near the point of crossing, unless a marked crosswalk is also provided at that point. If a pedestrian overpass or tunnel is not accessible and if no marked crosswalk is provided, a pedestrian crossing the roadway must yield the right-of-way to all vehicles on the roadway which are so close as to constitute a hazard.

C. Between adjacent intersections in a business or residence district in which traffic-control signals are in operation, no pedestrian may cross except in a marked crosswalk.

D. No pedestrian may cross a roadway intersection diagonally or otherwise than at a right angle unless authorized by an official traffic-control device. When authorized to cross diagonally, pedestrians must cross in accordance with the official traffic-control device.

E. No pedestrian may cross a roadway where an official traffic-control device specifically prohibits the crossing.

F. Except as provided in subsection D of this section, a pedestrian must cross a roadway at a right angle to the roadway or by the shortest route to the opposite side of the roadway.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.175 Pedestrians on highways.

A. Where a sidewalk is provided and its use is practicable, a pedestrian may not walk upon an adjacent roadway except when crossing the roadway.

B. Where a sidewalk is not available, a pedestrian walking upon a highway shall walk on a shoulder as far as practicable from the edge of the roadway. Where neither a sidewalk nor a shoulder is available, a pedestrian walking on a highway shall walk as near as practicable to the outside edge of the highway and, if walking along a two-way roadway, shall walk only on the left side of the roadway. No pedestrian may walk on a controlled-access highway except in an emergency.

D. No pedestrian may be upon or along a roadway in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of danger to himself or interfere with the normal flow of traffic.

E. No pedestrian may sleep or loiter upon a highway or, without lawful permit, obstruct free passage upon a highway.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.180 Pedestrians soliciting rides or business.

No person may solicit a ride in a manner which distracts a driver’s attention, nor may a pedestrian upon a highway solicit employment, business, or contributions from the occupant of a vehicle. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.190 Blind pedestrian devices and right-of-way.

A. Every driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a blind pedestrian carrying a visible white cane or accompanied by a guide dog.

B. A person who is not legally blind may not use a white cane or guide dog for the purpose of securing the right-of-way provided by this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.195 Pedestrians yield to authorized emergency vehicles.

A. A pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way upon the approach of an authorized emergency vehicle making use of an audible signal as provided in Section 11.13.04.210D, or a visual signal as provided in Section 11.13.04.090 or upon the approach of a vehicle making use of a flashing blue light as provided in Section 11.13.04.100.

B. This section does not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle or a vehicle displaying a flashing blue light from the duty to exercise care to avoid colliding with a pedestrian.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.200 Required position and method of turning.

A. Right Turns. Except as provided in subsection C of this section, both the approach for a right turn, and a right turn, must be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway.

B. Left Turns.

1. The driver of a vehicle intending to turn left shall approach and make the turn from the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of travel of the vehicle. Unless conditions prevail which necessitate other action to assure safety, a vehicle turning to the left must proceed into the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the same direction as the vehicle on the roadway being entered.

2. Where a special lane for making left turns by drivers proceeding in opposite directions has been indicated by official traffic-control devices:

a. A left turn may not be made from any other lane;

b. A vehicle may not be driven in the lane except when preparing for or making a left turn from or into a roadway or when preparing for or making a U-turn when permitted by law.

C. When the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities or a municipality, in their respective jurisdictions, places an official traffic-control device within or adjacent to an intersection which requires that a different course from that specified in this section be traveled by a vehicle turning at an intersection, no driver may turn a vehicle at an intersection other than as directed by the device.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.205 Limitations on turning.

A. The driver of a vehicle may not turn a vehicle so as to proceed in the opposite direction unless the turn can be made safely and without interfering with other traffic.

B. No vehicle may be turned so as to proceed in the opposite direction in a business district, upon a curve, or upon approach to or near the crest of a grade, where the vehicle cannot be seen by the driver of another vehicle approaching from either direction within five hundred feet.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.210 Starting parked vehicle.

A. No person may move onto a roadway a vehicle which is stopped, standing, or parked until the movement can be made with reasonable safety.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.215 Turning movements and required signals.

A. No person may turn a vehicle or move right or left upon, onto, or off a roadway without giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this section and it otherwise appears reasonably safe to make the movement.

B. A signal of intention to turn or move right or left when required must be given continuously during the last one hundred feet traveled by the vehicle before turning, except as provided in Section 11.13.02.400F, and must be discontinued as soon as practicable after completing the turn.

C. No person may stop or suddenly decrease the speed of a vehicle without first giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this section to the driver of a vehicle immediately to the rear when there is opportunity to give the signal.

D. The signals required under subsection F of this section may be used only to indicate an intention to turn, change lanes, or start from a parked position, and may not be flashed on one side only on a disabled vehicle, flashed as a courtesy or “do pass” signal to drivers of other vehicles approaching from the rear, or be flashed on one side only of a parked vehicle except as may be necessary for compliance with this section.

F. A stop or turn signal when required shall be given either by means of hand and arm or by signal lights, except that a driver of a motor vehicle equipped with signal lights as required in Section 11.13.04.037 shall give the required signals by signal lights. All required signals given by hand and arm must be given from the left side of the vehicle and must indicate as follows:

1. Left Turn. Left hand and arm extended horizontally;

2. Right Turn. Left hand and arm extended upward; and

3. Stop or Decreased Speed. Left hand and arm extended downward.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.257 Emerging from alley, driveway, or building.

The driver of a vehicle emerging from an alley, building, private road, or driveway shall stop the vehicle immediately prior to driving onto a sidewalk or onto the sidewalk area extending across the alley, building entrance, road, or driveway. If there is no sidewalk area, the driver shall stop at a point nearest the street to be entered where he has a view of approaching traffic on the street. If the driver’s vision is restricted by buildings, parked vehicles, weather, or other conditions, he shall give warning with the horn of the vehicle after stopping and before proceeding. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.260 Overtaking and passing school bus.

A. The driver of a vehicle that approaches a stopped school bus from any direction on a highway, vehicular way or area, shall stop not less than thirty feet from the school bus before reaching it, when there are in operation on the school bus flashing red lights as required by regulation. The driver may not proceed until the school bus proceeds and the flashing lights are no longer illuminated.

C. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway with separate roadways need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus which is on a different roadway, or when upon a controlled-access highway and the school bus is stopped off the roadway in a loading zone which is part of, or adjacent to, the controlled-access highway and where pedestrians are not permitted to cross the roadway.

D. When a school bus is stopped on a highway or vehicular way or area, whether or not there are in operation on the school bus flashing red lights as required by regulation, the driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a person crossing a highway, vehicular way or area to embark on or disembark from the school bus, whether or not the person is crossing within a marked crosswalk.

E. A vehicle owner, or in the case of a leased vehicle, a lessee, is guilty of an infraction as described in AS 28.40.050d and may be punished by a fine not to exceed one hundred dollars if the vehicle owned or leased by the person is operated in violation of this section. The owner or lessee may not be penalized if the vehicle is stolen, or the driver of the vehicle was convicted under subsection D of this section. This subsection does not apply to a lessor of a vehicle if the lessor keeps a record of the name and address of the lessee. A violation of this section may not result in the loss of a driver’s license or privilege to drive. It does not constitute grounds for assessment of demerit points under AS 28.15.221–AS 28.15.261. This subsection does not prohibit or limit the prosecution of a vehicle driver for violating subsections A or B of this section.

(Ord. 93-1222 §§ 4(A), (B), 1993; Ord. 89-864 § 4, 1989; Ord. 84-597 §§ 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.265 Stop when traffic may be obstructed.

No driver may enter an intersection or crosswalk, or drive onto a railroad grade crossing unless there is sufficient space on the other side of the intersection, crosswalk or railroad grade crossing to accommodate the vehicle he is driving without obstructing the passage of other vehicles, pedestrians, or railroad trains, notwithstanding a traffic-control signal indication to proceed. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984).

11.13.02.295 Minimum speed regulation.

A. No person may drive a motor vehicle so slowly as to impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with statutes, regulations, or ordinances.

B. When the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, or a municipality, in their respective jurisdictions, determines under 13 AAC 02.280 that slow speeds on a highway or part of a highway unreasonably impede the normal movement of traffic, the respective authority may determine a minimum speed limit not in excess of fifty-five miles per hour for the highway or part of a highway below which no person may drive a vehicle, except when necessary as prescribed in subsection A of this section. The limit is effective when posted on fixed or variable signs.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.325 Special speed limitations.

A. No person may drive a motor-driven cycle when lights are required to be turned on as prescribed under Section 11.13.04.010 at a speed greater than allowed by the intensity of the headlights as provided by Section 11.13.04.320.

B. No person may drive a vehicle which is towing a mobile home at a speed greater than forty-five miles per hour.

C. No person may drive a vehicle equipped with lighted headlights described in Section 11.13.04.020G at a speed greater than twenty miles per hour.

D. No person may drive a vehicle at a speed in excess of twenty miles per hour when passing a marked public school or playground crosswalk that is posted with an official school, school crossing or speed- control sign. The speed zone at the crosswalk extends three hundred feet in either direction from the marked crosswalk.

E. No person may drive a vehicle passing a school bus displaying alternately flashing yellow lights as provided in Section 11.13.04.097B at a speed greater than twenty miles per hour.

F. No person may drive a vehicle or a combination of vehicles over a bridge or other elevated structure or through a tunnel or underpass constituting a part of a highway, ferry facility or city street at a rate of speed or with a gross weight or of a size which is greater than the maximum speed or maximum weight or size designated by an official traffic-control device.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.330 Racing on highways.

A. No person may participate in a race between motor vehicles upon a public highway, except as provided in AS 05.35.

B. As used in this section, “race” means the use of one or more vehicles in attempting to outgain or outdistance another vehicle or while comparing or contesting relative speeds or powers of acceleration of the vehicles over a specified or unspecified distance or route, whether or not the speed exceeds the maximum prescribed by law.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.340 Stopping, standing, or parking on highway and in other locations.

A. No person may stop, park or leave standing a vehicle, whether attended or unattended, upon or within eight feet of a roadway, except where the roadway is of sufficient width and design to allow parking without interfering with the normal flow of traffic or with snow removal or other highway maintenance, and where the parking, stopping or standing is not prohibited by an official traffic-control device.

B. This section and Section 11.13.02.365 do not apply to the driver of a vehicle performing an official duty which requires stopping, standing or parking upon or within eight feet of a roadway or to the driver of a vehicle which is disabled in a manner and to an extent that it is impossible to avoid stopping and temporarily leaving the vehicle upon or within eight feet of a roadway. The driver of a disabled vehicle shall comply with the requirements of Section 11.13.02.345 of this chapter.

C. A vehicle that is stopped, parked, or standing in violation of a statute, regulation, or ordinance, is considered to have been stopped, parked or left standing by the registered owner of the vehicle unless the registered owner is able to prove that at the time of the violation the vehicle was driven or parked without his consent.

D. Except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic, or to comply with statutes, regulations or ordinances, the directions of a police officer, fireman, authorized flagman, or official traffic-control device, no person may:

1. Stop, stand or park a vehicle:

a. On the roadway side of a vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street;

b. On a sidewalk;

c. Within an intersection;

d. Within a crosswalk;

e. Between a safety zone and the adjacent curb or within thirty feet of points on the curb immediately opposite the ends of a safety zone, unless a different length is indicated by signs or markings;

f. Alongside or opposite a street excavation or obstruction when stopping, standing, or parking would obstruct traffic;

g. Upon a bridge or other elevated structure upon a highway or within a highway tunnel;

h. On a railroad track;

i. On a controlled-access highway;

j. In the area between roadways of a divided highway, including crossovers; or

k. At a place where official traffic-control devices prohibit stopping;

2. Stand or park a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except momentarily to pick up or discharge a passenger or passengers:

a. In front of a public or private driveway;

b. On private property without the consent of the owner or person in control of the property;

c. In an alley in a business district where no parking spaces are provided, except for the expeditious loading or unloading of freight, materials or passengers, or in a manner or under conditions which leaves less than ten feet of the width of the alley for the movement of vehicular traffic or in a position which blocks the driveway entrance to abutting property;

d. Within fifteen feet of a fire hydrant;

e. Within twenty feet of a crosswalk at an intersection;

f. Within thirty feet on the approach side of a flashing signal, stop sign, yield sign, or traffic-control signal located at the side of a roadway;

g. Within twenty feet of the driveway entrance to a fire station or within the area directly across the street from the entrance to a fire station, if the distance from the driveway entrance of the station to the opposite side of the street or roadway or opposite curb is less than seventy-five feet; or

h. At a place where an official traffic-control device prohibits standing;

3. Park a vehicle:

a. Within fifty feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing; or

b. At a place where official traffic-control devices prohibit parking.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984).

11.13.02.345 Officers authorized to remove vehicles.

A. If a vehicle is in violation of the provisions of Sections 11.13.02.340, 11.40.230, 11.13.02.367 and 11.13.02.372, or is left on a roadway or under circumstances which obstruct the normal movement of traffic, a police officer may move the vehicle, or require the driver or other person in charge of the vehicle to move the vehicle to a position off the roadway or to a safe place on the roadway.

B. A police officer may impound and remove to a place of safety a vehicle which:

1. Is found in the state and which has been previously reported stolen or taken without the owner’s consent;

2. Is found or operated on a highway or ferry facility without license plates or other evidence of registration or which evidence is false with respect to that vehicle; or

3. Is found or presumed to be abandoned as provided in AS 28.11.020, except that a vehicle is not considered abandoned if left standing or parked in excess of the time specified in AS 28.11.020 when the owner or driver of the vehicle has given notice to a municipal police department,

if the vehicle is located within a municipality, or to the nearest office of the Alaska State Troopers, specifying the circumstances which require standing or parking in excess of the time specified in AS 28.11.020, and the provisions the owner or driver is making to remove the vehicle.

C. When a police officer arrests and detains the driver of a motor vehicle, the officer shall impound and remove the vehicle to a place of safety; however, the officer shall inform the driver that he may elect to have another immediately available person, who is legally licensed to drive a motor vehicle, drive or otherwise remove the vehicle as the driver directs. The driver may designate the nearest available garage or tow car operator of his choosing to remove the vehicle. If the driver does not so indicate, the officer shall make the arrangements necessary to remove the vehicle.

D. When a vehicle is impounded and removed from a highway or elsewhere at the direction of a police officer, the vehicle shall be removed to a place of safety. The owner or driver may claim the vehicle by securing a written release for it from the police officer or agency ordering its removal. A vehicle legally removed or impounded may not be released to the owner, nor may the owner secure its use until the release for it is certified by the officer or agency directing its removal. The expense for the removal and storage must be paid by the owner or driver of the vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.367 Loading zones.

A. The Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, or a municipality, in their respective jurisdictions, may place and maintain signs, designating loading zones, under the provisions of this section.

B. No person may designate or erect a sign indicating a loading zone, passenger loading zone or a no-parking area unless he makes application to the proper authority for a special permit for the zone. A copy of the permit may be required to be displayed in the windshield or window of the vehicle lawfully using the zone during times of loading. If appropriate, the applicant shall also apply for a parking meter hood or for two signs indicating the area of the zone and stating the hours during which the provisions of this section are applicable. The authority issuing the permit may collect from the applicant a reasonable fee for the signs and may impose conditions on the use of the signs. Every permit shall expire at the end of one year.

C. It is unlawful for a person issued a permit under subsection A of this section or any other person to violate the terms or conditions of the permit.

D. No person may stop, stand, or park a vehicle for any purpose or length of time other than for the expeditious loading and unloading of passengers or property in a place marked as a loading or passenger loading zone during the hours when the provisions applicable to the zone are in effect. A stop for loading or unloading of passengers may not exceed three minutes; and a stop for loading or unloading of property may not exceed thirty minutes. A stop may not interfere with a vehicle waiting to enter or about to enter the zone for loading or unloading of passengers or property as specified in a permit issued under this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.372 Public carrier stops.

A. The Department of Transportation and Public Facilities or a municipality, in their respective jurisdictions, may establish bus stops or stands, taxicab stands and stands for other passenger common-carrier motor vehicles on the public streets in places which are convenient to the public. Every stand shall be designated by appropriate signs.

B. The driver of a bus stopped to load or unload passengers or baggage shall stop the bus in a position with the right front wheel of the vehicle not farther than eighteen inches from the edge of the roadway and the bus approximately parallel to the edge of the roadway.

C. The driver of a taxicab may not stand or park his vehicle on a street at a place other than in a designated taxicab stand, except the driver of a taxicab may stop temporarily in accordance with other stopping or parking regulations at a place for the purpose of expeditious loading or unloading of passengers.

D. A person who is not driving a bus or taxicab may not stop or stand in a designated bus stop or taxicab stand, except that the driver of a passenger vehicle may temporarily stop there while engaged in loading or unloading passengers, if the stop does not interfere with a bus or taxicab waiting to enter or about to enter the zone.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.385 Applicability of regulations to bicycles.

A. Every person operating bicycle upon a roadway has all the rights and is subject to all of the duties applicable to the driver of any other vehicle as set out in this chapter, in addition to special regulations in this section and Sections 11.13.02.395, 11.13.02.400 and 11.13.02.420, except as to those provisions of this chapter which by their nature have no application.

B. No person may violate the provisions of this section and Sections 11.13.02.395, 11.13.02.400 and 11.13.02.420. The parent or guardian of a child may not authorize or knowingly permit a child to violate a provision of this chapter.

C. When signs are erected indicating that no right, left or U-turn is permitted, no person operating a bicycle may disobey the direction of the sign unless first pulling to the extreme right or shoulder of the road, dismounting and making the turn as a pedestrian.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.395 Riding on bicycles and certain nonmotorized conveyances.

A. Persons operating unicycles, coasters, roller skates, skateboards, or similar devices are subject to all rules applying to the operation of bicycles as set forth in Sections 11.13.02.385, 11.13.02.395 and 11.13.02.400.

B. No person operating a bicycle upon a highway may carry a person other than the operator, unless the bicycle is equipped with a seat for the passenger, except that an adult rider may carry a child securely attached to his person in a backpack or sling.

C. No person operating a bicycle or other nonmotorized conveyance may attach, hold on by hand or otherwise secure the bicycle or conveyance or himself to another vehicle so as to be towed or pulled.

D. A person operating a bicycle upon a highway shall maintain control of the bicycle and shall at all times keep at least one hand upon the handlebars of the bicycle.

E. No person may operate a unicycle, coaster, roller skates, skateboard, or similar device:

1. Anywhere within the downtown area business area beginning with Katlian and Lincoln Streets, Lincoln to Barracks, Barracks to Seward, Seward to Lake, Lake to Harbor Drive, Harbor Drive to Harbor Drive Annex, Harbor Drive Annex to Lincoln Street, and to the point of beginning, nor may they operate such devices on Katlian Street between Halibut Point Road and Lincoln Street;

2. On any state highway including the paved shoulder;

3. Skateboards only are forbidden from operation in the Harrigan Centennial Hall parking lot and grounds, and the Harbor Drive Extension lightering facility.

F. A person riding a skateboard shall not cross the roadway except by dismounting and obeying all rules applicable to pedestrians.

(Ord. 97-1437 § 4, 1997; Ord. 89-863 §§ B, C, D, 1989; Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.400 Riding bicycles on roadways and bicycle paths.

A. A person operating a bicycle upon a roadway shall ride as near to the right side of the roadway as practicable, and shall give way to the right as far as practicable to a motor vehicle proceeding in the same direction when the driver of the motor vehicle gives audible signal.

B. Persons riding bicycles on a roadway may not ride more than two abreast except on paths or parts of roadways set aside for the exclusive use of bicycles. Persons riding bicycles two abreast may not impede traffic and, in a laned roadway, shall ride within the farthest right lane.

C. When a shoulder of the highway is maintained in good condition, an operator of a bicycle shall use the shoulder of the roadway.

D. A person operating a bicycle on a trail, path, sidewalk, or sidewalk area shall:

1. Exercise care to avoid colliding with other persons or vehicles;

2. Give an audible signal before overtaking and passing a pedestrian; and

3. Yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian.

F. A person riding a bicycle intending to turn left shall, unless he dismounts and crosses as a pedestrian, comply with the provisions of Section 11.13.02.200. The operator of a bicycle must give a signal by hand and arm continuously during the last one hundred feet traveled unless the hand is needed in the control or operation of the bicycle. When stopped to await an opportunity to turn, a hand and arm signal must be given continuously by the operator.

G. No person may ride a bicycle upon a sidewalk in a business district or where prohibited by an official traffic-control device.

H. No bicycle race may be conducted upon a roadway, except as provided under AS 05.35.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.420 Parking of bicycles.

A. No person may park a bicycle on a street or sidewalk in a manner which obstructs pedestrian traffic or the parking and driving of motor vehicles.

B. No person may secure a bicycle to any of the following publicly owned facilities:

1. Fire hydrants;

2. Police and fire call boxes;

3. Electric traffic signal poles;

4. Stanchions or poles located within bus zones or stands;

5. Stanchions or poles located within twenty-five feet of an intersection; or

6. Trees under ten inches in diameter.

C. A bicycle parked on a highway must comply with the provisions of this chapter regulating the parking of vehicles.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.422 Applicability of regulations to motorcycles.

A person driving a motorcycle, a motor-driven cycle, or a motorized bicycle has the rights and is subject to the duties applicable to the driver of a vehicle under this chapter, in addition to special provisions in this section and Sections 11.13.02.425 and 11.13.02.427, except as to those provisions of this chapter which by their nature have no application. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.425 Riding on motorcycles and motor-driven cycles.

A. A person driving a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle shall ride on the permanent seat attached to the motorcycle, astride the seat and facing forward.

B. No person driving a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle may carry another person, nor may another person ride on a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle, unless the vehicle has a permanent seat designed to carry more than one person and is firmly attached to the vehicle. No passenger may ride in a position that will interfere with the driving or control of a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle or the view of the driver.

C. A person driving a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must keep both hands on the handlebars of the vehicle.

D. No person riding a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle may attach himself or the vehicle to another vehicle on the roadway, except as necessitated by an emergency or as designed by the manufacturer of the motorcycle for the attachment of a sidecar or other vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.427 Driving motorcycles and motor-driven cycles on roadways laned for traffic.

A. Motorcycles and motor-driven cycles may be driven upon a lane of a roadway, and no motor vehicle may be driven so as to deprive a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle of the full use of a lane. This provision does not apply to motorcycles or motor-driven cycles driven two abreast in a single lane by consent of both drivers; however, no motorcycles or motor-driven cycles may be driven more than two abreast in a single lane.

B. No driver of a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle may overtake and pass another vehicle in the same lane occupied by the vehicle being overtaken. A driver of a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle may not drive between adjacent lanes or lines of traffic, or between adjacent lines or rows of vehicles.

C. The provisions of this section do not apply to police officers in the performance of their official duties; however, this exception does not relieve the driver of a police vehicle from the duty to drive with regard for safety of all persons.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.430 Applicability of regulations— Parental responsibility.

A. No parent or guardian may authorize or knowingly permit a child to violate a provision of this section and Sections 11.13.02.445 and 11.13.02.455.

B. Every person operating a snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle upon a highway has the rights and is subject to the duties applicable to the driver of any other vehicle under this chapter, except as otherwise provided in this section and Sections 11.13.02.445 and 11.13.02.455, and except as to those provisions of this chapter which by their nature have no application.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.445 Riding on snowmobiles and other off-highway vehicles.

A person driving a snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle may ride only on a permanent seat attached to the vehicle; no snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle, when driven on a highway, may be used to carry persons other than the driver, unless the vehicle is designed and equipped with a seat for a passenger. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.455 Operation on highways and other locations.

A. A snowmobile or an off-highway vehicle may be driven on a roadway or shoulder of a highway only under the following circumstances:

1. When crossing a highway as provided in subsection F of this section, or when traversing a bridge or culvert on a highway, but then only by driving at the extreme right-hand edge of the bridge or culvert and only when the traverse can be completed with safety and without interfering with other traffic on the highway;

2. When use of the highway by other motor vehicles is impossible because of snow or ice accumulation or other natural conditions or when the highway is posted or otherwise designated as being open to travel by off-highway vehicles;

3. When highway driving is authorized by an authority having jurisdiction over the highway, but only in accordance with restrictions which may be imposed by that authority with regard to highway use; or

4. When driven on the right-of-way of a highway which is not a controlled-access highway, outside the roadway or shoulder, and no closer than three feet from the nearest edge of the roadway; night driving may be only on the right-hand side of the highway and in the same direction as the highway motor vehicle traffic in the nearest lane of the roadway; no person may drive an off-highway vehicle within the area dividing the roadways of a divided highway, except to cross the highway as provided in subsection F of this section.

F. A snowmobile or an off-highway vehicle may make a direct crossing of a highway if:

1. The crossing is made approximately at a right angle to the highway and at a location where visibility along the highway in both directions is clear for a sufficient distance to assure safety, and the crossing can be completed safely and without interfering with other traffic on the highway; and

2. The vehicle is brought to a complete stop before crossing the shoulder or roadway, and the driver yields the right-of-way to all traffic on the highway.

G. No snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle may cross or travel on a sidewalk, a location intended for pedestrian or other nonmotorized traffic, an alley, or a vehicular way or area which is not open to snowmobile or off-highway vehicle operation, except as provided in subsection F of this section.

H. The standard penalty/bail amount for violation of this section shall be fifty dollars. The penalty/bail amount for each subsequent offense of this section shall double to a maximum amount of five hundred dollars. (Example: second offense is one hundred dollars, third offense is two hundred dollars, fourth offense is four hundred dollars).

I. ATVs operated on roadways, highways, and unauthorized private or public property shall be impounded. The violator shall be responsible for any impound fee. Impound fees must be paid prior to the release of any vehicle.

(Ord. 95-1306 § 4, 1995; Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.02.480 Unattended motor vehicle.

No person driving or in charge of a motor vehicle may permit it to stand unattended by an adult person without first stopping the engine, placing the transmission in gear or in park position, locking the ignition, removing the key from the ignition and, if there is not a reasonable possibility of freezing, setting the brake. When standing upon a grade, a driver shall turn the front wheels toward the curb or near edge of the highway in such a manner that if the unattended vehicle should roll from its standing position, the movement will be in the direction toward the curb or near edge of the highway and away from the roadway. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.02.482 Limited use of vehicular ways and areas.

A. No pedestrian, rider of a bicycle, or driver of a vehicle may travel on a vehicular way or area as defined in Section 11.13.40.010 when it is designated for use by a different mode of travel than that used by the pedestrian, rider of a bicycle, or driver of a vehicle.

B. A driver of a nonmotorized vehicle traveling upon a vehicular way or area shall, regardless of whether an official traffic-control device is present, yield the right-of-way m the manner specified in Section 11.13.02.130C to any traffic using a roadway, driveway, or vehicular way or area on which motor vehicle traffic is authorized.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.02.485 Limitations on backing.

A. The driver of a vehicle may not back the vehicle unless the movement can be made with safety and without interfering with other traffic.

B. The driver of a vehicle may not back the vehicle upon the roadway of a controlled-access highway or its entrance and exit ramps, except as may be directed by a police officer, a fireman, or an authorized flagman.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.02.487 Driving on sidewalk.

No person may drive a vehicle on a sidewalk or sidewalk area other than upon a permanent or temporary driveway, except as a municipality allows the riding of bicycles on sidewalks outside of a business district. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.02.495 Riding in and on vehicles and towed objects—Boarding and alighting—Obstructing of driver’s view or driving mechanism.

A. No person may drive a vehicle when it is so loaded, or when there are in the front or driver’s seat more persons or objects than the number for which the seat was designed, so as to unreasonably obstruct the view of the driver to the front or sides of the vehicle or so as to interfere with the driver’s control over the driving mechanism of the vehicle.

C. No person may drive a vehicle when he has in his embrace, or holds in his hands, another person or any object in a manner which prevents the free and unhampered operation of the vehicle.

D. No person may open the door of a motor vehicle unless it is reasonably safe to do so, without interfering with the movement of other traffic. No person may leave a door of a vehicle open on the side of a parked vehicle so as to obstruct the movement of vehicular traffic. No person may enter or leave a vehicle when the vehicle is in motion.

E. No person may ride on an outside part of a vehicle traveling upon a highway unless that part is specifically designed to carry a passenger when the vehicle is in motion. No person may attach himself or a conveyance or other device to a vehicle for the purpose of riding or being towed.

F. No person may occupy a trailer or other object when it is being towed, unless the trailer or other object is specifically designed to transport passengers while it is being towed.

G. Subsections E and F of this section do not apply to an authorized emergency vehicle, to a vehicle used in construction and maintenance work on, along, or above a highway when the vehicle is actually engaged in the specified work, to a person riding in the open bed of a truck if he is seated on the bed or floor of the vehicle or upon a seat built below the level of the sideboards of the vehicle, or within truck bodies in space intended for merchandise, or to a person riding in a parade.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.497 Funerals and other processions—Permits.

A. No driver of a vehicle may drive between or position his vehicle between any vehicles comprising a funeral or other authorized procession while they are in motion. This provision does not apply at intersections where traffic is controlled by traffic-control signals or a police officer, fireman, or authorized flagman.

B. Each driver in a funeral or other procession shall drive as near to the right-hand edge of the roadway as practicable and shall follow the vehicle ahead as close as is practicable and safe.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.517 Authorized and other emergency vehicles.

A. The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle, when responding to an emergency call, when in pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of a statute, regulation or ordinance, when responding to but not upon returning from a fire alarm, or in the performance of his official duties may disregard a statute, regulation or ordinance governing the operation, stopping, standing or parking of a vehicle, except as provided in this section.

B. The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle when responding to an emergency must use an audible signal meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.210D and visual signals meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.090, except that an authorized emergency vehicle operated as a police vehicle need not display a red light visible from in front of the vehicle and except as provided in subsection C of this section.

C. A driver of an authorized emergency vehicle which is parked, stopped or standing in disregard of a regulation or ordinance prohibiting the parking, stopping or standing may not use a audible signal.

D. The driver of an off-highway vehicle may operate the vehicle upon a highway or railroad right-of-way when the vehicle is serving as an authorized emergency vehicle.

E. A person driving a vehicle displaying a flashing blue light meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.100 when responding to, but not upon returning from, an emergency, may, if not otherwise prohibited by a municipality, without undue danger to the safety of other persons or property:

1. Park or stand the vehicle in violation of a traffic regulation or ordinance or near the scene of the fire to which he responded;

2. Except as provided in subsection F of this section, exceed the maximum speed limit if he does not unreasonably endanger life or property, slows at each intersection, and exercises care under the circumstances; and

3. Disregard regulations or ordinances governing direction, movement or turning in a specified direction if he does so at a speed less than the maximum speed limit for that location.

F. The provisions of this section do not relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle or a vehicle displaying a flashing blue light from the duty to drive with regard for the safety of all persons, nor do the provisions of this section allow the driver of a vehicle displaying a flashing blue light to proceed past a stop sign or red signal without first stopping.

G. When the commissioner designates a particular vehicle as an authorized emergency vehicle, or authorizes a vehicle to be equipped with a flashing blue light meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.100, the designation or authorization must be in writing, and an official copy of the designation or authorization must be carried at all times in the private vehicle. Failure to carry the designation or authorization does not affect the status of the vehicle as an authorized or other emergency vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.520 Following authorized emergency vehicle—Interference at scene of accident—Crossing fire hose.

A. A driver of a vehicle, other than one on official business with respect to the emergency to which an emergency vehicle is responding, may not follow an authorized emergency vehicle traveling in response to an emergency and displaying visual or audible signals, as required by Section 11.13.02.517, closer than five hundred feet. A driver may not stop, stand or park his vehicle within five hundred feet of fire apparatus stopped in answer to a fire alarm.

B. No person may stop or park a vehicle in the vicinity of an accident or other emergency so as to interfere with the movement of emergency vehicle or injured persons, or create additional hazards to the safety of persons by blocking the visibility of flares or other emergency signaling devices.

C. No person may drive a vehicle over an unprotected fire hose when laid down on a street, private road, driveway or other location when it is being used in response to an emergency call, unless authorized, or directed to do so by a fireman.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.530 Littering, depositing materials, and dragging objects prohibited.

A. No person may throw, deposit or allow to be thrown or deposited upon a highway or vehicular way or area litter, garbage, glass, nails, tacks, wire, cans, oil or any other substance. A person who throws, deposits, or allows to be thrown or deposited such substances shall immediately remove or cause to be removed those substances. A person removing a wrecked or damaged vehicle from a highway shall remove any glass or other substance dropped upon the highway from that vehicle.

B. No person may divert or drain water to, or upon a highway, nor may a person push or otherwise deposit snow or ice onto a highway in a manner or in quantities which may constitute a hazard to snow removal equipment or other traffic.

D. No person may haul or drag any material or object along or over a highway or vehicular way or area in a manner that allows or causes a portion of the material or object to rest upon or come in contact with the surface of the highway or vehicular way or area if the material or object is likely to damage or damages the surface or creates a hazard to other vehicles or pedestrians.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.02.545 Drivers to exercise care.

A. No person may drink an intoxicating beverage while driving a vehicle.

B. Every driver of a vehicle shall exercise care to avoid colliding with a pedestrian, an animal or another vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.001 Scope and effect of regulations.

B. Nothing in this chapter may be construed to prohibit equipment required by the United States Department of Transportation or the use of a part or accessory on a vehicle not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter. A federal motor vehicle safety standard which conflicts with a provision of this chapter supersedes the provision in this chapter with respect to a vehicle which must comply with the federal standard.

C. The provisions of this chapter which require equipment on vehicles do not apply to implements of husbandry, special mobile equipment, motor-driven cycles, bicycles, or snowmobiles or other off-highway vehicles, except as specifically provided in this chapter.

D. The requirements of Sections 11.13.04.305, 11.13.04.037 and 11.13.04.040 do not apply to a vehicle of the armed forces, except as specifically provided in Sections 11.13.04.025, 11.13.04.030 and 11.13.04.035. In this chapter, “vehicle of the armed forces,” means a combat vehicle or other vehicle participating in a combat training exercise where the use of lights or reflectors may be against combat principles, while operated in the immediate exercise area; it does not include a passenger vehicle, bus, truck, truck tractor, trailer, semitrailer, pole trailer, tow car or other vehicle using a highway in support of a military base or installation to transport persons, commodities or equipment, unless actually participating in a combat training exercise as provided in this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.002 Unlawful to drive unsafe vehicle or violate chapter.

No person may violate this chapter, drive or move or cause or knowingly permit to be driven or moved on a highway or other vehicular way or area, a vehicle or combination of vehicles which is in an unsafe condition, or is not equipped as required in this chapter or which is otherwise equipped in violation of this chapter. If an unsafe vehicle must, for any reason, be operated on a highway or vehicular way or area, the driver, owner, dealer or repair business having knowledge of the condition must notify the department. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.003 Minimum equipment required on vehicle for sale, rent, lease, or loan.

No person may sell or offer for sale, rent, lease, or loan, a vehicle unless it is equipped with the devices and equipment required by this chapter or other law for operation on a highway or vehicular way or area, and is in a safe condition and in good working order. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.004 Sale or use of equipment.

A. No person may sell or offer for sale or use a vehicle, equipment or device which does not meet the requirements of this chapter or other law. The provisions of this section do not apply to equipment that complies with requirements in effect before the effective date of this section and in use when this chapter takes effect, or to replacement parts of that equipment.

B. Any equipment described in this chapter or any package containing the equipment must, if practicable, bear the manufacturer’s trade mark or brand name, unless the equipment complies with identification requirements of the United States Department of Transportation or other federal agencies.

C. No person engaged in the business of selling bicycles at retail may sell a bicycle unless the bicycle has an identifying number permanently stamped or cast on its frame.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.005 Disconnection or alteration of equipment.

No person may disconnect or alter, except as is necessary in the repair or replacement of parts, the equipment required by this chapter, unless the equipment is by nature designed and intended for disconnection or alteration. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.006 When inspection required— Roadside inspection.

A. A police officer or other person authorized by the department, having reasonable cause to believe that a vehicle is unsafe, not equipped as required in this chapter or in AS 28, or that its equipment is not in proper adjustment or repair, may require the driver of the vehicle to stop and submit the vehicle to an inspection and tests as may be appropriate.

B. A driver of a vehicle shall stop and submit the vehicle to a roadside inspection when a member of the Alaska State Troopers, uniformed police officer, or a person otherwise authorized by the department is conducting tests and inspections of vehicles and when a sign is displayed requiring a stop, or when a uniformed officer is present and signals the driver to stop. The signs requiring a stop for inspection may specify the particular class or type of vehicle required to stop and, when so designated, a driver of another class or type of vehicle need not stop.

C. The owner or driver of a vehicle may not refuse to submit a vehicle to an inspection or test authorized or required under this chapter.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.007 Unsafe or defectively equipped vehicle.

A. A police officer may issue a citation to the driver or owner of a vehicle which is not in safe mechanical condition or properly equipped as required in this chapter or in AS 28. A citation issued under this section must specify the section of this chapter or AS 28 which has been violated, the repair or adjustment to be made, and require the driver or owner to appear in court after a period of at least five days, holidays and weekends excluded, from the date of the violation.

B. The citation issued under subsection A of this section requires the driver or owner of the vehicle specified in the citation to repair the vehicle so that it is in safe condition and its equipment is in proper repair and adjustment. The citation also requires the owner or driver to secure a certificate of inspection and approval before any further driving or movement on a highway or vehicular way or area, except as provided in subsection C of this section.

C. No person may drive or move a vehicle after being directed under this section to have it repaired or adjusted, except as may be necessary to return the vehicle to the residence or place of business of the owner or driver of the vehicle or to a garage, until the vehicle and its equipment have been repaired or adjusted as required by the citation. If repair or adjustment of a vehicle or its equipment is found necessary upon inspection, the owner or driver of the vehicle may obtain the repair or adjustment at a place of his choosing, within a one-hundred-mile radius of the place where the citation issued under subsection A of this section was issued, or otherwise at the nearest place of repair.

D. If a vehicle is, in the reasonable judgment of the person issuing the citation, in a condition that further driving or movement would be hazardous, the person issuing the citation may require that the vehicle not be driven or moved under its own power, or that it be driven to the nearest garage or other place of safety. This section does not preclude the impounding of a vehicle as provided in AS 28 if, in the opinion of the person authorized to perform inspections under this chapter, the vehicle is so defective or unsafe as to create a hazard if driven or moved upon a highway or vehicular way or area.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.008 Disposition of equipment citation.

A driver or owner of a vehicle cited under Section 11.13.04.007 may, at any time before the specified date for court appearance, appear at an Alaska State Trooper office, the office of the police agency which conducted the inspection, or an official inspection station, and present evidence of having made the required repairs or adjustments, or present the vehicle for reinspection. If the defective part or item is found to be in good repair and adjustment, and the vehicle otherwise meets the requirements of this chapter and AS 28, the inspection officer or official shall void the citation and notify the court of the action taken. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.009 Prohibited practices.

A. No person may repair or adjust a vehicle unless the repair or adjustment is in accord with acceptable or customary repair practices, applicable provisions of this chapter and AS 28, or other law.

B. No person may wilfully conceal or misrepresent the identity or condition of a vehicle, make a false or misleading statement or present false evidence in connection with the inspection, repair, or adjustment of a vehicle.

C. No police officer or other person authorized to perform inspections under this chapter may direct or recommend that a repair or adjustment of a vehicle or its equipment be made by a particular person, or perform repair or adjustment at a roadside inspection area for compensation. A person may not solicit, at a roadside inspection area or upon an adjacent highway, any repair or adjustment business for compensation.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.010 When lights are required.

Every vehicle upon a highway or other vehicular way or area within the state must illuminate lights required in this chapter between a half hour after sunset and a half hour before sunrise, and at any other time when, because of insufficient light or other atmospheric conditions, persons or vehicles on the highway are not clearly discernible at a distance of one thousand feet. Stop lights, turn signals and other signaling devices must be illuminated as required by this chapter. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.015 Visibility distance and mounted height of lights.

A. When a section of this chapter provides that the distance from which lights and reflectors must render objects visible or be visible, the requirement applies during the times provided in Section 11.13.04.010 for a vehicle without load when upon a straight, level, unlighted highway under normal atmospheric conditions, unless a different time or condition is expressly stated. Lights must be maintained in good working order and kept clear of any obstruction which may reduce visibility, except as provided otherwise in this chapter.

C. When a provision of this chapter addresses the mounted height of lights or reflectors, the measurement specified is from the center of the light or reflector to the level ground upon which the vehicle stands when the vehicle is without a load.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.020 Headlights.

A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a motor vehicle must be equipped with at least two headlights, one on each side of the front of the motor vehicle. The headlights must emit white light to the front of the vehicle, comply with the requirements and limitations set out in this section, and be mounted at a height of not more than fifty-four inches or less than twenty-four inches.

E. When a motor vehicle is driven on a highway during the times specified in Section 11.13.04.010, the driver shall use a high distribution of light or composite beam, directed at a height and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of four hundred fifty feet in advance of the vehicle for all load conditions, subject to the following requirements and limitations:

1. When the driver of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle within five hundred feet, the driver shall use a distribution of light, or composite beam, so that the glaring or high-intensity portion of the light is not projected into the eyes of the oncoming driver; the light must be of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or a vehicle at a distance of one hundred fifty feet in advance of the vehicle for all load conditions; and

2. When the driver of a vehicle approaches another vehicle from the rear, within three hundred feet, the approaching driver may not use the highest distribution of light.

F. Headlight systems which provide a single distribution of light are permitted on all implements of husbandry, motor-driven cycles, bicycles and off-highway vehicles regardless of date of manufacture, if the systems are, as far as practicable, mounted and aimed as required in subsection A of this section and are of sufficient intensity to reveal a person or a vehicle at a distance of two hundred feet in advance of the vehicle, except as otherwise provided for motor-driven cycles or bicycles in Section 11.13.04.320A and D.

G. A motor vehicle may be driven under the conditions specified in Section 11.13.04.010 when equipped with two illuminated lights upon the front of the vehicle capable of revealing persons and vehicles one hundred feet ahead; provided, however, that a vehicle using the lights may not be driven at a speed in excess of that specified in Section 11.13.02.325C.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.025 Taillights.

A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a vehicle must be equipped with at least two taillights mounted at the same level, as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and as low as practicable, but not less than twenty inches above the roadway on the rear, so that when lighted emit a red light plainly visible from a distance of one thousand feet to the rear. Passenger cars manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1958, must have at least one taillight.

C. Either a taillight or a separate light must illuminate, with a white light, the rear registration plate, so that it is clearly visible from a distance of fifty feet to the rear. The light must be wired so as to be illuminated when the headlights or auxiliary driving lights are illuminated.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.030 Reflectors.

A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a vehicle must have on the rear, either as a part of the taillights or separately, two or more red reflectors mounted at a height not less than twenty inches, except that if the highest part of the permanent structure of the vehicle is less than twenty-four inches, the reflector must be mounted as high as that part of the permanent structure will permit. The reflectors must be as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and be visible at night from all distances within six hundred feet of the vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.035 Stop lights.

A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a vehicle must be equipped with two or more stop lights meeting the requirements of subsection C of this section, except that passenger cars manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1958, must be equipped with at least one stop light. On a combination of vehicles, only the stop lights on the rearmost vehicle need actually be seen from the distance specified in subsection C of this section.

C. The stop light or lights required in subsection A of this section must be mounted on the rear of the vehicle and must display a red light, or a shade of red, visible from a distance of at least three hundred feet to the rear in normal sunlight. The lights must be illuminated by application of the service or foot brake.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.037 Turn lights.

A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a vehicle must be equipped with electric turn signal lights meeting the requirements of subsection B of this section, except that passenger cars and trucks less than eighty inches in width, and manufactured or assembled before January 1, 1953, need not be equipped with electric turn signal lights.

B. When required under this section, a vehicle must be equipped with electric turn signal lights which indicate an intention to turn by flashing lights showing to the front and rear of the vehicle on the side of the vehicle toward which the turn is to be made, and visible from a distance of at least five hundred feet in sunlight. The lights showing to the front must be mounted on the same level, as widely spaced laterally as practicable and, when signaling, must emit yellow light except that on a vehicle manufactured before January 1, 1969, the lights showing to the front may emit white or yellow light, or a shade of light between white and yellow. The lights showing to the rear must be mounted on the same level, as widely spaced laterally as practicable and, when signaling, must emit a red or yellow light, or a shade of light between red and yellow.

C. A motor vehicle must be equipped with electric turn signal lights as provided in subsection B of this section when the distance from the center of the top of the steering post to the left outside limit of the body, cab or load of the motor vehicle exceeds twenty-four inches, or when the distance from the center of the top of the steering post to the rear limit of the body or load of the vehicle exceeds fourteen feet.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.040 Additional lighting requirements.

A. Buses, Trucks, Trailers, Mobile Homes, Motor Homes and Motor Vehicles with Truck Camper. Except as otherwise provided in subsection G of this section and in addition to other equipment required in this chapter, a bus, truck, trailer, mobile home, motor home, or motor vehicle in combination with a mounted truck-camper which is part of the permanent structure of the vehicle upon which it is mounted, which is eighty inches or more in overall width, must be equipped with:

1. One clearance light on each side of the front for the display of yellow light, except as otherwise provided for boat trailers in subsection D of this section;

2. One clearance light on each side of the rear for the display of red light;

3. Two side marker lights on each side, one yellow light at or near the front and one red light at or near the rear; and

4. Two reflectors on each side, one yellow reflector at or near the front and one red reflector at or near the rear.

C. Truck-tractors. Truck-tractors must be equipped on the front with two cab clearance lights for the display of yellow light, one at each side. Truck-tractors manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1966, must be equipped as provided in subsection G of this section.

D. Boat Trailers. In addition to the provisions of subsection A1 of this section, a boat trailer eighty inches or more in overall length must be equipped on each side, at or near the midpoint, with one clearance light for the display of yellow light to the front and red light to the rear.

E. Trailers Exceeding Thirty Feet in Length. Trailers thirty feet or more in overall length must be equipped on each side with one side marker light and one yellow reflector, centrally located with respect to the length of the vehicle.

F. Pole Trailers. Pole trailers must be equipped as follows:

1. One yellow side marker light on each side at or near the front of the load;

2. One yellow reflector at or near the front of the load;

3. On the side at the rear of the pole trailer at the rearmost support for the load, one combination marker light showing yellow to the front and red to the rear and side, mounted to indicate maximum width of the pole trailer; and

4. Two red reflectors mounted on the rear, one on each side of the bolster or load.

G. Identification Lights. When required or permitted by this chapter, identification lights must be grouped in a horizontal row at the top, or as near as practicable to the top, of the permanent centerline, with the centers of the lights spaced not less than six or more than twelve inches apart. However, where the cab of a vehicle is not more than forty-two inches wide at the front roof line, a single identification light at the center of the cab complies with the requirements for front identification lights. Identification lights must display yellow light to the front and red light to the rear.

H. Visibility and Mounting of Clearance, Identification, and Side Marker Lights. Front and rear clearance, identification, and side marker lights must be capable of being distinguished within five hundred feet from the front, rear, and the side of the vehicle under normal atmospheric conditions. Clearance lights must, as far as practicable, be mounted on the permanent structure of the vehicle to indicate the height and width of the vehicle. Clearance lights on truck-tractors must be located to indicate the width of the truck-tractor cab. Clearance and side marker lights may be mounted in combination if they provide the illumination required in this section. A vehicle may be equipped with one or more side marker lights which may be flashed in conjunction with turn or vehicular hazard warning lights.

I. Obstructed Lights. When vehicles are driven in combination during the time that lights are required, a light need not be turned on which, by reason of its location, is obscured by another vehicle in the combination.

J. Lights or Flags on Loads Projecting to Rear of Vehicles. When the load upon a vehicle extends four feet or more beyond the rear bed or body of the vehicle, two red taillights and two red reflectors visible to the rear must be illuminated during the times specified in Section 11.13.04.010, and located to indicate maximum width. On each side, one red light visible from a distance of at least six hundred feet to the side and located so as to indicate maximum overhang must also be illuminated. At all other times, red flags, at least twelve inches square, must be displayed marking the extremities of the load at each point where a light would otherwise be required by this section.

K. Lights or Flags on Loads Projecting to Sides of Vehicles. When the load upon a vehicle extends to the sides one foot or more beyond the bed or body of the vehicle, the devices required in subsection J of this section must be displayed, except that a yellow light must be shown or reflected to the front of the vehicle and red light must be shown or reflected to the rear of the vehicle. When the load upon a vehicle extends so as to obscure the identification lights required in subsection G of this section, the load must be illuminated to identify its height as provided in subsection J of this section when the loaded vehicle is driven on a highway at a time when lights are required.

L. Motor Vehicles with Snow Plow or Similar Device. A motor vehicle with a snow plow or similar device attached to the front must be equipped with two auxiliary multiple-beam headlights located at a point above the uppermost position of the blade if the device, either in the raised or lowered position, obstructs the headlights of the vehicle. Lights may not be attached to a point higher than the cab top of the vehicle. The lights must be as widely spaced laterally on the vehicle as is practicable and must comply with the applicable requirements of Section 11.13.04.020 regarding the aim and intensity of headlights.

M. Lights or Flags on Blades of Public Snow Plows. A light or reflective device displaying yellow light for one hundred feet in all directions must be located upon each upper corner of a blade used for snow removal on a publicly owned or maintained vehicle. The lights must be illuminated when the blade is being used to remove snow at the times specified in Section 11.13.04.010, except that a red flag meeting the size and visibility requirements of Section 11.13.04.240A(3) of this chapter may be substituted for the light or reflective device at other times.

N. Animal-drawn Vehicles. An animal-drawn vehicle must be equipped with the lights and reflectors required for bicycles.

O. Self-propelled Implements of Husbandry. A self-propelled implement of husbandry must be equipped with lights and reflectors as follows:

1. Two headlights;

2. One red taillight mounted as far to the left of the center of the vehicle as practicable;

3. Two red reflectors meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.030; and

4. If manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1978, a vehicular hazard warning light as provided in Section 11.13.04.095, which must be illuminated when the vehicle is driven on a highway.

P. Towed Implements of Husbandry. An implement of husbandry which is towed behind, or is pushed ahead of, a motor vehicle must be equipped as follows:

1. If the towed unit or its load extends more than four feet to the rear of the tractor or obscures a rear light on the tractor, the towed unit must be equipped on the rear with at least one red taillight meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.025, mounted as far to the left of the center of the towed unit as practicable, and must be equipped with at least two red reflectors meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.030;

2. If the towed or pushed unit extends more than four feet to the left of the centerline of the tractor, the towed unit must be equipped on the front with a yellow reflector meeting the visibility requirements of Section 11.13.04.030 and positioned to indicate, as nearly as practicable, the extreme left projection of the towed or pushed unit;

3. If the towed or pushed unit or its load obscures vehicular hazard warning lights on the motor vehicle, the towed unit must be equipped with a vehicular hazard warning light as required in Section 11.13.04.095.

Q. All Implements of Husbandry. The reflectors required in subsections O and P of this section must be positioned to show from the rear, as nearly as practicable, the extreme width of the vehicle or combination of vehicles carrying them; however, if all other requirements are met, reflective tape or paint may be used instead of the reflectors required by subsection P of this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.070 Parking lights.

A. A vehicle must be equipped with one or more lights which, when illuminated, display a white or yellow light visible from a distance of one thousand feet to the front of the vehicle and a red light visible from a distance of one thousand feet to the rear of the vehicle. The light or lights must be located so that at least one light or combination of lights meeting the requirements of this section is installed as near as practicable to the side of the vehicle which is closest to passing traffic.

B. Parking lights need not be displayed when a vehicle is lawfully parked or stopped along or upon a highway as follows:

1. On a city street or alley or on a highway within an urban area which is of sufficient width to allow parking without hazard to other vehicular traffic on the roadway;

2. On a highway outside an urban area when the side of the parked vehicle nearest the roadway is at least eight feet from the roadway; or

3. On a highway when there is sufficient artificial light to reveal a person or vehicle within a distance of one thousand feet upon the highway.

C. Except as provided in subsection B of this section, when a motor vehicle is parked or stopped upon a roadway or adjacent shoulder, whether attended or unattended, during the hours specified in Section 11.13.04.010, the driver of the vehicle shall illuminate the parking lights, and the headlights, if illuminated, must be dimmed.

E. No parking light on a vehicle may be used when the vehicle is in motion, unless the parking lights operate in conjunction with the headlights.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.090 Authorized emergency vehicles.

A. Every authorized emergency vehicle must, in addition to other equipment required by this chapter, be equipped with a signal light mounted as high as practicable, and which is capable of displaying to the front and rear flashing red color of sufficient intensity to be visible at five hundred feet in normal sunlight. The flashing light must be sufficiently spaced from the headlights so that it will not be blacked out when the headlights are illuminated. An authorized emergency vehicle may display rotating beams of red light or of red and white light meeting the requirements of this subsection.

C. A police vehicle, when used as an authorized emergency vehicle, may but need not be equipped with alternately flashing red lights as specified in subsection A of this section.

G. If, in addition to the light required in subsection A of this section, a second or subsequent light is mounted on the authorized emergency vehicle, the light must be mounted as high as practicable and at the same level as the first light. The lights must be as widely spaced laterally as practicable, and must meet the spacing and visibility requirements of subsection A of this section. The second light may display flashing blue color in accordance with Section 11.13.04.100.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.095 Flashing yellow vehicular hazard warning lights.

C. The following vehicles must be equipped with a flashing yellow warning light visible at five hundred feet in normal sunlight to either the front, rear or sides or from all positions:

1. A vehicle of the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, a municipality, or a contractor used in highway maintenance, inspection, survey or construction when working upon or within eight feet of a roadway;

2. A vehicle of a public utility company, when actually engaged in the construction, removal, repair, maintenance or inspection of a public utility facility and when parked or moving slower than the normal traffic flow upon or within eight feet of a roadway;

3. A motor vehicle engaged in towing a house or a building upon a highway;

4. A pilot car as provided in 17 AAC 25.090; and

5. A motor vehicle engaged in snow removal from private property when it moves onto, across or within eight feet of a roadway while removing the snow, or a motor vehicle engaged in snow removal from subdivision streets.

D. The lights required in this section must be used to warn drivers of other vehicles of the presence of a vehicular traffic hazard requiring the exercise of unusual care in approaching, overtaking or passing the hazard.

E. After January 1, 1978, every bus, truck, truck-tractor and trailer eighty inches or more in overall width or thirty feet or more in overall length, and every motor vehicle manufactured after January 1, 1978, must be equipped with lights meeting the requirements of subsection F of this section.

F. Vehicular hazard warning lights must be mounted at the same level and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, except that on vehicles less than eighty inches overall width, only one warning light need be mounted on the rear of the vehicle. The lights must display simultaneously flashing yellow color to the front of the vehicle, except that on vehicles manufactured before January 1, 1969, the light showing to the front may display simultaneously flashing yellow or white color, or any shade of color between yellow and white. The lights displaying warning to the rear of the vehicle must show simultaneously flashing red or yellow color, or any shade of color between red and yellow. The lights authorized by this section must be visible from a distance of not less than five hundred feet in normal sunlight.

G. A tow car must be equipped with a flashing yellow warning light visible at five hundred feet in normal sunlight to the front, rear and both sides. The tow car must illuminate the yellow warning light during preparation at the location from which a disabled vehicle is to be towed, and the yellow warning light must be illuminated when the tow car is towing a vehicle at a speed slower than the normal flow of traffic, during the hours of darkness when the towed vehicle does not have taillights illuminated to the rear, or when the taillights, stop lights or turn signals on the tow car are obscured by the towed vehicle. The flashing warning light may not be illuminated except as provided in this section.

H. A vehicle used for the purpose of mail or other delivery along a highway must illuminate the lights required by this section at least one hundred feet, but not more than five hundred feet, before making a stop as required in the official performance of the duties of the driver of the vehicle. Display of the lights must continue for as long as the conditions specified in subsection D of this section exist. The lights must be visible to the front and rear of the vehicle at a distance of five hundred feet in normal sunlight. Further, a mail delivery vehicle must clearly display to the front and to the rear of the vehicle, the words “U.S. MAIL” in letters at least eight inches high on a distinctively contrasting background; other vehicles used in making deliveries along a highway must display the words “DELIVERY VEHICLE” in a like manner.

I. The lights specified in this section may not be turned on when a vehicle is:

1. Parked lawfully in an urban district;

2. Stopped lawfully to avoid conflict with other traffic or to comply with the directions of a police officer, a fireman or an authorized flagman or an official traffic-control device; or

3. Otherwise stopped or driven when there do not exist the conditions specified in subsection C of this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.097 Special school bus lighting equipment.

A. A school bus must, in addition to other equipment and distinctive markings required by this chapter, be equipped with signal lights mounted as high and as widely spaced laterally as practicable, which must display to the front two alternately flashing red lights located at the same level and to the rear two alternately flashing red lights located at the same level. The lights must be visible at five hundred feet in normal sunlight. The alternately flashing red lights must be illuminated by the driver of the school bus when, but only when, the bus is stopped for the purpose of receiving or discharging school children, except that the lights may not be illuminated in:

1. A designated school bus loading or unloading area where the bus is entirely off the roadway and a child being received into or discharged from the bus is not required to cross the roadway; or

2. An intersection or other place where traffic is controlled by a traffic-control signal or by a police officer.

B. A school bus must be equipped with yellow signal lights mounted near each of the four red lights required in subsection A of this section and at the same level but closer to the vertical centerline of the bus. These lights must display two alternately flashing yellow lights visible to the front and rear of the bus for a distance of at least five hundred feet in normal sunlight. The yellow flashing lights must be illuminated by the school bus driver at least one hundred feet, but not more than five hundred feet, before every stop at which the alternately flashing red lights are illuminated, at which time the alternately flashing yellow lights authorized by this section must be turned off.

C. Every school bus must have indicator lights readily visible to the driver of the bus, which automatically indicate to the driver of the bus when any of the alternately flashing lights authorized by this section are illuminated.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.100 Flashing blue lights on vehicles.

A. A fireman, when authorized by the commissioner with the concurrence of the chief of his fire department, may equip his private vehicle with a flashing blue light which must be visible from the front and sides for a distance of three hundred feet in normal sunlight. The flashing blue light authorized by this subsection may be illuminated only when the driver of the vehicle is a member of a fire department responding to an emergency, and his vehicle displays a sign or plate which indicates fire department membership and the name of the municipality or fire department organization in which the driver lives or is a member.

E. Police and public fire vehicles may not use a flashing blue light except simultaneously with a flashing red light as required in Section 11.13.04.090.

F. Snow removal vehicles owned or operated by the state or a municipality may not use a flashing blue light except simultaneously with a flashing yellow light and in accordance with Section 11.13.04.095.

G. A person certified by a state agency to render emergency lifesaving or medical service, when authorized by the commissioner, may equip his private vehicle with a flashing blue light meeting the visibility requirements of subsection A of this section, for use only when responding to an emergency. The flashing blue light may not be illuminated except when the driver of the vehicle is properly certified to render emergency lifesaving or medical services and his vehicle displays the “star of life” symbol.

H. Lights displaying flashing blue color may not be used upon vehicles except as provided in this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.145 Restrictions on lighting equipment.

A. When a motor vehicle equipped with headlights as required in this chapter is also equipped with an auxiliary light, spotlight, or other light on the front of the vehicle which projects a beam of intensity greater than three hundred candlepower, no more than a total of four lights on the front of a vehicle may be illuminated at any time when there is approaching traffic. An auxiliary light must comply with the applicable mounting and visibility requirements of Section 11.13.04.015.

B. Except as provided in Sections 11.13.04.037, 11.13.04.040 and 11.13.04.090 – 11.13.04.100, no person may drive or move a vehicle upon a highway displaying:

1. A red light visible from directly in front of the center of the vehicle;

2. A flashing or rotating light; or

3. An alternately flashing light.

D. A motor vehicle may not be equipped with more than two spotlights, nor may a spotlight be illuminated and directed so that a part of the high intensity portion of the beam strikes the windshield, windows, mirror or occupant of another vehicle operated on a roadway, except by a police officer in the performance of official duties.

E. A lighting device or reflector mounted on the rear of a vehicle must display or reflect a red color, except the stop light or other signal device which may be red or yellow, and the light illuminating the registration plate and the light emitted by backup lights must be white. No backup light may be turned on when the vehicle is in forward motion.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.205 Brakes.

A. Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, every motor vehicle and every combination of vehicles must have a service braking system which will stop the vehicle or combination of vehicles within forty feet from an initial speed of twenty miles per hour on a level, dry, smooth, clear, hard surface, except that a passenger car or other single-unit vehicle with a manufacturer’s gross vehicle weight rating of ten thousand pounds or less must be able to stop within twenty-five feet from an initial speed of twenty miles per hour on a similar surface.

B. A motor vehicle or combination of vehicles, except a motor-driven cycle or bicycle, must have a parking brake system adequate to hold the vehicle or combination of vehicles on any grade on which driven under all conditions of loading, on a surface free from snow, ice, or loose material.

C. A motor vehicle or combination of vehicles must comply with applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards adopted by the United States Department of Transportation.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.210 Horns and warning devices.

A. A motor vehicle operated upon a highway or other vehicular way or area, except for snowmobiles, must be equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of at least two hundred feet, but no horn or other warning device may emit an unreasonably loud or harsh sound or a whistle. The driver of a motor vehicle shall, when reasonably necessary to insure safe operation, give audible warning with his horn, but may not otherwise use the horn when upon a highway or other vehicular way or area.

B. No vehicle may be equipped with, nor may a person use, a siren, whistle, or bell, except as otherwise permitted in this section.

C. A vehicle may be equipped with a theft alarm signal device, which is installed so that it cannot be used by the driver as an ordinary warning signal. A theft alarm signal device may use a whistle, bell, horn or other audible signal, but may not use a siren.

D. Every authorized emergency vehicle must be equipped with a siren, whistle or bell capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of at least five hundred feet; the siren may be used only when the emergency vehicle is operated in response to an emergency call or is in the immediate pursuit of a suspected violator of the law. The driver of the emergency vehicle shall sound the siren when reasonably necessary to warn pedestrians and other drivers of its approach.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.215 Noise prevention—Mufflers.

A. A motor vehicle must be equipped, maintained, and operated so as to prevent excessive or unusual noise and the escape of fumes into the vehicle. A motor vehicle must be equipped with a muffler or other effective noise-suppressing system in good working order and in constant operation. No person may use a muffler cutout, bypass, or similar device, or modify the exhaust system of a motor vehicle in a manner which amplifies or increases the noise emitted by the engine of the vehicle above that emitted by the muffler originally installed on the vehicle for use on the highway or a vehicular way or area. A person may not alter an exhaust particle emission system built into a motor vehicle to decrease its effectiveness.

B. The engine and power mechanism of a motor vehicle must be equipped and adjusted to prevent the escape of excessive fumes or smoke.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.220 Mirrors.

A. A motor vehicle must be equipped with a mirror mounted on the left side of the vehicle; every motor vehicle except a motordriven cycle, bicycle, or off-highway vehicle, must be equipped with a mirror mounted either inside the vehicle approximately in the center, or outside the vehicle on the right side.

B. The following motor vehicles must be equipped with mirrors on both the left and right sides of the vehicle:

1. A bus or school bus;

2. A motor vehicle constructed, loaded or designed to be loaded in a manner which obstructs the driver’s view through the rear window; or

3. A motor vehicle towing a vehicle when the towed vehicle or its load obstructs the driver’s view through the rear window.

C. All mirrors required by this section must be maintained in good condition and located to reflect to the driver a view to the rear of the vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.225 Windshields and wipers.

A. No person may drive a motor vehicle which is not equipped with a windshield, nor may a person drive a motor vehicle equipped with a defective windshield or windows which obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s view. This section does not require a windshield as equipment upon a motor-driven cycle, bicycle, or off-highway vehicle.

B. No person may drive a motor vehicle with a sign, poster or other nontransparent material on the front windshield or window of the vehicle which obstructs, obscures, or impairs the driver’s view; nor may a person drive a motor vehicle when there is an accumulation of snow, ice or frost on the windshield or windows which obstructs, obscures or impairs the driver’s view.

C. The windshield on a motor vehicle must be equipped with devices for cleaning rain, snow and other moisture from both sides of the windshield; the device must be constructed to be controlled or operated by the driver of the vehicle, and must be maintained in good working order.

D. A motor vehicle required to have a windshield, except vehicles which do not have enclosed passenger compartments, must be equipped with a defrosting device to remove snow, ice, frost, or internal moisture from the windshield; this defrosting device must be maintained in good working order.

F. No person may sell or drive a motor vehicle or truck camper manufactured or assembled after July 1, 1968, unless it is equipped with safety glazing material constructed, treated or combined with other materials to reduce substantially, in comparison with ordinary sheet glass or plate glass, the likelihood of injury to persons by glass which is cracked or broken.

G. A person who drives on a highway a motor vehicle which is not equipped with a windshield in a position to deflect objects which would hit his face must wear an eye-protective device as prescribed for motorcycle operators in Section 11.13.04.350.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.227 Steering assembly, wheel alignment and body condition.

A. No vehicle may be driven upon a highway or a vehicular way or area with loose or defective wheels or steering assembly which constitutes a hazard.

B. No vehicle may be driven upon a highway or vehicular way or area with sharp protuberances, or with fenders, bumpers or other equipment removed, and which may endanger persons or other objects.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.230 Tires.

A. No person may drive or move on a highway a motor vehicle or trailer having a metal tire in contact with the roadway.

B. No tire on a vehicle moved on a highway may have on its periphery a protuberance of a material other than rubber which projects beyond the tread of the traction surface of the tire, except that it is permissible to use:

1. Implements of husbandry with tires having protuberances which will not injure the highway;

2. Tire chains when required for safety because of snow, ice or other conditions which may cause a vehicle to skid; or

3. Pneumatic tires having studs designed to improved traction without substantially injuring the surface of the highway; however, their use may be limited to certain months or types of vehicles, or both.

C. The Department of Transportation and Public Facilities or a municipality, in their respective jurisdiction, may issue a special permit authorizing the driving of a traction engine or tractor, except a snow vehicle, having movable tracks with transverse corrugations on the periphery of the movable tracks, or a farm tractor or other farm machinery, which would otherwise be prohibited under this section. The driver of the vehicle must provide planking under the treads to protect the surface of the roadway or bridge.

D. Every solid rubber tire on a vehicle must have rubber on its entire traction surface at least one inch thick above the edge of the flange of the entire periphery.

E. No person may drive a vehicle with a tire in unsafe operating condition or with a tread depth of less than two thirty-seconds (2/32) of an inch measured in two adjacent tread grooves at three equally spaced intervals around the circumference of the tire. No tread measurements may be made at the location of a tread wear indicator, tie bar, hump or fillet.

F. No person in the business of selling, repairing or installing tires may sell, offer for sale, or install for highway use a tire which is in unsafe condition or which has a tread depth of less than two thirty-seconds (2/32) of an inch measured as specified in subsection E of this section.

G. Vehicles having pneumatic tires with studs for traction shall not be driven, parked or left standing on any public street, highway or property during the time of year when their use is forbidden.

(Ord. 00-1587 § 4, 2000; Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.04.240 Certain vehicles to carry flares or other devices.

A. Except as provided in subsection C of this section, no person may drive a truck, bus, truck-tractor or a motor vehicle towing a mobile home or pole trailer upon a highway outside the corporate limits of a municipality unless there is carried in the vehicle the following equipment:

1. Three flares, three red electric lanterns, or three portable red emergency reflectors;

2. Three red-burning fusees unless red electric lanterns or red portable emergency reflectors are carried with the vehicle; and

3. Two red cloth flags at least twelve inches square with standards to support the flags and visible for a distance of at least six hundred feet under normal atmospheric conditions.

B. No person may drive at night, or other times set out in Section 11.13.04.010 of this chapter, a motor vehicle used for the transportation of an explosive, a cargo tank truck used for the transportation of a flammable liquid or a compressed gas, or a motor vehicle using compressed gas as a fuel, unless there is carried in the vehicle three red electric lanterns or three portable red emergency reflectors meeting the requirements of subsection C of this section. A vehicle listed in this subsection may not carry in the vehicle a flare, fusee, or another signal produced by flame.

C. No flare, fusee, electric lantern or portable reflector unit may be used for compliance with the requirements of this section unless the device is designed and constructed so as to be capable of displaying or reflecting red light clearly visible and distinguishable from all distances within six hundred feet under normal atmospheric conditions at night or other times set out in Section 11.13.04.010, when directly in front of lawful lower beams of headlights required by this chapter.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E)(part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.04.245 Display of warning lights and devices when vehicle is stopped or disabled.

A. When a vehicle described in Section 11.13.04.240A is disabled, stopped, or parked on a shoulder of a highway outside a municipality in a manner which presents a hazard to traffic, and at a time when lights are required to be illuminated under Section 11.13.04.010, the driver of the vehicle must display the following warning devices, except as provided in subsection B of this section:

1. A lighted fusee, a lighted red electric lantern, or a portable red emergency reflector, which must immediately be placed at the traffic side of the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic; and

2. As soon as possible, and within the burning period of the fusee (fifteen minutes), the driver shall place three liquid-burning flares (pot torches), three lighted red electric lanterns, or three portable red emergency reflectors on the roadway in the following order:

a. One approximately one hundred feet from the disabled vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by the vehicle and toward traffic approaching in that lane,

b. One approximately one hundred feet in the opposite direction from the disabled vehicle and in the center of the traffic lane occupied by the vehicle, and

c. One at the traffic side of the disabled vehicle at least ten feet behind or forward of the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic.

B. When a vehicle referred to in this section is disabled within five hundred feet of a curve, hillcrest or other obstruction to view, the warning device in the direction of the obstruction as required in subsection A of this section must be placed to afford ample warning to other users of the highway, but may not be placed less than one hundred feet or more than five hundred feet from the disabled vehicle.

C. When a vehicle described in Section 11.13.04.240A is disabled upon a roadway of a divided highway during the time lights are required, the warning devices required in subsections A and E of this section must be placed as follows:

1. One at a distance of approximately two hundred feet from the vehicle and in the center of the lane occupied by the stopped vehicle and in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane;

2. One at a distance of approximately one hundred feet from the vehicle in the center of the lane occupied by the vehicle and in the direction of traffic approaching in that lane; and

3. One at the traffic side of the vehicle and approximately ten feet from the vehicle in the direction of the nearest approaching traffic.

E. When a motor vehicle used in the transportation of an explosive, a cargo tank truck used for the transportation of a flammable liquid or compressed gas, or a vehicle using compressed gas as a fuel is disabled or stopped for more than ten minutes at a time and place described in subsections A, B or C of this section, the driver will immediately display red electric lanterns or portable red emergency reflectors as specified in subsections A, B or C of this section. No flare, fusee or signal produced by flame may be used as a warning device for a vehicle of the types mentioned in this subsection. When the vehicle is disabled or stopped at a time when lights are not required to be illuminated by Section 11.13.04.010, in addition to the requirements of this subsection, the driver shall also comply with the requirements of subsection F of this section.

F. When a vehicle described in Section 11.13.04.240A is disabled at a time when lights are not required to be illuminated by Section 11.13.04.010, the driver of the disabled vehicle shall display two red flags as follows:

1. If traffic on the roadway moves in two directions, one flag must be placed approximately one hundred feet to the rear of the vehicle, and one flag must be placed approximately one hundred feet in advance of the vehicle; both flags must be placed in the center of the lane occupied by the disabled vehicle;

2. Upon a one-way roadway, one flag must be placed approximately one hundred feet and one flag approximately two hundred feet in the direction of approaching traffic; both flags must be placed in the center of the lane occupied by the disabled vehicle.

G. When a motor vehicle other than that described in subsections A or F of this section is disabled, stopped, or parked on a shoulder of a roadway in a manner which presents a hazard to traffic, the driver must display the following warning devices:

1. At a time when lights are required to be illuminated under Section 11.13.04.010, a driver must activate the emergency flashers or parking lights when the vehicle has no emergency flashers;

2. At a time when lights are not required to be illuminated by Section 11.13.04.010, a driver must attach a white flag or marker to the top of the antenna or to a part of the vehicle on the roadway side so as to be visible to vehicles approaching on the same side of the highway as the disabled or stopped vehicle; if a white flag or marker is unavailable, then any color may be used; in addition, emergency flashers should be activated where practicable.

H. When a vehicle is disabled, stopped entirely off the roadway and is in a hazardous position, the warning devices required in this section must be placed, as nearly as practicable, on the shoulder near the edge of the roadway. “Hazardous position” means when any portion of a disabled vehicle or its load is on or extends onto a roadway or the left side of the vehicle or its load is within a distance of eight feet from the edge of a roadway.

I. The flares, fusees, red electric lanterns, portable red emergency reflectors and flags to be displayed as required in this section must conform with the requirements of Section 11.13.04.240 applicable to those devices.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.247 Color and special equipment on school buses.

B. When transporting a school child to or from a school activity, a school bus must display signs as follows:

1. The words “SCHOOL BUS” in black letters at least eight inches in height on a contrasting background, plainly visible to the front and rear; and

2. The words “UNLAWFUL TO PASS WHEN RED LIGHTS FLASH” in black letters at least four inches but not more than six inches in height on a white background on the rear of the bus.

C. A school bus with a manufacturer’s rated capacity of twenty-four or more students must be equipped with a stop arm mounted on the left side of the vehicle. The lights on the stop arm must be automatically activated with the red flashing lights required by Section 1 l.13.04.097A. The stop arm must be at least seventeen inches high at the side opposite the hinge and, when fully extended, extend nineteen inches from the bus. The word “STOP” must be displayed on the stop arm in white letters on a red background, and two alternately flashing red lights must be mounted, one above the other, on the left side of the arm, which must flash and be visible to the front and rear when the arm is fully extended.

D. The signs required by subsection B of this section may not be displayed nor may the stop arm required by subsection C of this section be extended on a school bus during times it is being used to transport persons not under the supervision of a school.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F)(part), 1984.)

11.13.04.250 Vehicles transporting hazardous materials—Compressed gas fuel.

A. A person moving a vehicle transporting an explosive, flammable liquid, a compressed gas or other hazardous material upon a highway or vehicular way or area shall comply with the applicable regulations of the United States Department of Transportation. The federal regulations apply to any movement, regardless of the distance of the movement.

B. A person intending to transport on a highway or a vehicular way or area an explosive, flammable or other hazardous material, shall give notice to the nearest office of the Alaska State Troopers of his intent to transport the materials at least twenty-four hours in advance of the transport of the material. Permission to transport the materials must be obtained from the troopers before the transport.

C. In this section “hazardous material” means an explosive, a flammable or combustible liquid, solid or gas, a compressed gas, a poison, a corrosive, an oxidizer, a reducer, a radioactive material, an air- or water-reactive substance, or any combination or mixture of these materials.

D. Every vehicle using compressed gas as a fuel must:

1. Vent the fuel storage compartment at the lowest points; and

2. Display, clearly and legibly, an approved sign or decal maintained in good condition and mounted on the outside of the fuel storage compartment bearing the words “COMPRESSED GAS FUEL” with conspicuous letters at least one inch in height on a sharply contrasting background; the sign or decal must be reflectorized to increase nighttime visibility.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.252 Slow-moving vehicle emblem.

A. Every animal-driven vehicle and implement of husbandry or combination of these vehicles designed for or driven at speeds less than twenty-five miles per hour must be equipped with a slow-moving-vehicle emblem mounted on the rear, except that:

1. When the towed unit or a load on the towed unit obscures the slow-moving-vehicle emblem on the towing unit, the towed unit must be equipped with a slow-moving-vehicle emblem, and the towing vehicle need not display the emblem; or

2. When the slow-moving-vehicle emblem on the towing unit is not obscured by the towed unit or its load, either unit may be equipped with the emblem.

B. The emblem required by subsection A of this section must be a reflectorized equilateral triangle meeting the requirements of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers in effect on the effective date of this section.

C. No person may display a slow-moving-vehicle emblem except as provided in this section, or display the emblem on a vehicle traveling at a speed in excess of twenty-five miles per hour.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.257 Emission-control systems.

When a motor vehicle is equipped with an emission-control system or when a motor vehicle is required by a statute or regulation to have an emission-control system, the system must be maintained in good working order. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.260 Television receivers and headsets.

A. No motor vehicle driven in this state may be equipped with television-type receiving equipment located so that the viewer or screen is visible from the driver’s seat.

B. A driver of a motor vehicle may not wear a headset, headphones, or other headgear designed for receiving sound and transmitting sound to the driver, or ear plugs or a similar device which reduces his hearing ability while the vehicle he is driving is in motion.

C. This section does not prohibit the use of television-type or headgear-receiving equipment used exclusively for safety or law enforcement purposes, or designed to improve a driver’s hearing ability.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.265 Antispray device.

A. No person may drive a motor vehicle unless it has a device which effectively reduces the wheel spray or splash of water or other substance to the rear of the vehicle.

B. The device required in subsection A of this section must be installed and maintained so that the device placed behind a wheel extends downward to a distance of fourteen inches from the surface of the ground when the vehicle is standing on level ground.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.270 Safety belts.

A. A passenger car manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1965, must be equipped with lap belt assemblies for use in the driver’s and one other front seat position. A motor vehicle manufactured or assembled after January 1, 1968, except a motorcycle or off-highway vehicle, must be equipped with lap or shoulder belts required by the United States Department of Transportation in effect on the effective date of this section.

B. No person may distribute, offer for sale, sell or install a seat belt or shoulder harness for use in a motor vehicle unless the belt or harness meets minimum standards and specifications of the United States Department of Transportation in effect on the effective date of this section.

C. A vehicle owner shall maintain belts and assemblies required by this section in good condition.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.272 Energy absorption systems.

If a motor vehicle was equipped, when assembled, with bumpers or other collision energy absorption or attenuation system, the system must be maintained in good operating condition, and no person may remove, disconnect, cause or knowingly permit the removal or disconnection of a part of the system, except temporarily in order to make repairs, replacements, or adjustments, during which time the vehicle may not be driven. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.275 Towed vehicles—Connections and safety devices.

A. A vehicle towed upon a street or highway must be coupled to its towing vehicle by means of a safety chain, chains, cable or equivalent device, in addition to the regular hitch or coupling. No additional connecting device may contain more slack than is necessary to permit proper turning of the vehicles connected, and the additional connecting safety devices must be connected to both the towing and the towed vehicles and to the drawbar or other rigid connecting device in a manner which will prevent the drawbar or other rigid connecting device from dropping to the ground in the event of its failure. The additional safety devices must be of sufficient strength to retain control of the towed vehicle in the event of failure of the rigid connecting device.

B. The requirements of subsection A of this section do not apply to a towed vehicle which is connected to a towing vehicle by a connecting device composed of a fifth wheel and kingpin assembly.

C. Except as provided in subsection E of this section, when one vehicle is towing another, the drawbar or other rigid connection must be of sufficient strength to pull all of the weight towed. The drawbar or other connection may not exceed fifteen feet in length from one vehicle to the other, except if the connection is between two vehicles, one or both of which transports poles, pipes, machinery or other materials of a structural nature which cannot be readily dismembered.

D. Except for an implement of husbandry or a pole trailer, the drawbar or other connecting device must connect the towed vehicle to track within six inches of the immediately preceding vehicle to which it is connected.

E. When one vehicle is towing a disabled vehicle and, because of emergency or other extenuating circumstances, there is no rigid connecting device between a towing and a towed vehicle, there must be displayed upon the connection a white flag or cloth at least twelve inches square.

F. The provisions of this section do not apply to snowmobiles or other off-highway vehicles.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.320 Headlights.

A. A motorcycle must be equipped with multiple-beam road-lighting equipment meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.020A and E.

B. A motor-driven cycle must have at least one headlight mounted at a height of not more than fifty-four inches and not less than twenty-four inches, and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least one hundred feet when the motor-driven cycle is operated at a speed of twenty or less miles per hour, at a distance of at least two hundred feet when the motor-driven cycle is operated at a speed between twenty and thirty miles per hour, and at a distance of at least three hundred feet when the motor-driven cycle is operated at a speed of thirty or more miles per hour.

C. A bicycle, when ridden at the times when lights are required under Section 11.13.04.010, must be equipped with at least one light on the front of the bicycle, emitting white light visible from a distance of at least five hundred feet in front of the bicycle under normal atmospheric conditions.

D. The lights required by this section for a motor-driven cycle must be turned on at all times when the vehicle is driven upon a highway or vehicular way or area.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.325 Taillights.

A. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must have at least one taillight meeting the illumination requirements of Section 11.13.04.025A, mounted at a height of not more than seventy-two inches nor less than fifteen inches. A bicycle must be equipped with a taillight which displays a red light visible five hundred feet to the rear of the bicycle.

B. Either a taillight or a separate light must be placed to illuminate, with a white light, the rear registration plate on a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle as required in Section 11.13.04.025C.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.330 Stop and turn lights.

A. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must be equipped with at least one stop light meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.035C.

B. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must be equipped with turn signals meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.037B.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.335 Reflectors.

A. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must be equipped on the rear, either as part of the taillight or separately, with at least one red reflector meeting the requirements of Section 11.13.04.030A.

B. Every bicycle, when ridden at the time when lights are required under Section 11.13.04.010, must be equipped with a red reflector on the rear of the bicycle and reflective material visible from the sides of the bicycle meeting the visibility requirements of Section 11.13.04.030A. Nothing in this subsection prohibits the use of additional reflectors or reflective materials upon a bicycle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.340 Brakes.

A. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must be equipped with a service braking system which will stop the vehicle within twenty-five feet from an initial speed of twenty miles per hour on a level, dry, clear, hard surface. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle must comply with applicable motor vehicle safety standards adopted by the United States Department of Transportation.

B. Every bicycle must be equipped with a brake system, maintained in good working condition, which will enable its driver to stop the bicycle within twenty-five feet from a speed of ten miles per hour on dry, level, clean pavement.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.345 Handgrips, footrests and handlebars.

A. A motorcycle or motor-driven cycle carrying a passenger, other than in a sidecar or enclosed cab, must be equipped with handgrips and footrests for each passenger.

B. No person may drive a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle with handlebars more than fifteen inches in height above that portion of the seat occupied by the operator, unless otherwise intended and designed by the manufacturer.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.350 Equipment for riders.

A. Except as otherwise provided by statute, no person may drive or ride upon a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle unless he is wearing protective headgear which complies with standards of the U.S. American National Standards Institute Safety Code Z 90.1 1971, U.S. Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 218 (49 C.F.R. 571.208), approved by the Snell Memorial Foundation. The wearing of protective headgear is not required during off-road riding of a motorcycle or a motor- driven cycle.

B. No person may drive a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle unless he is wearing an eye-protective device which complies with the standards provided by American National Standards Institute Safety Code Z 2.1 – 1959, except when the motor-driven cycle is equipped with a windscreen or windshield as provided in 13 AAC 04.355 (b).

C. No person may rent, lease or loan a motorcycle or motor-driven cycle to another person unless he includes the protective eye and headgear required by this section, except if the person to whom the cycle is rented, leased or loaned has the equipment meeting the requirements of this section.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.400 Lights and reflectors.

A. A snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle which is driven during the times when lights are required by Section 11.13.04.010 must be equipped with at least one headlight, aimed and of sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least one hundred feet ahead under normal atmospheric conditions.

B. A snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle must be equipped with one red light, one stop-signal light and one red reflector, which must be mounted upon the rear or rear cowling of the vehicle. The lights must be visible from a distance of at least one thousand feet to the rear. The reflector must be visible from a distance of at least six hundred feet to the rear when directly in front of the lawful lower beams of the headlights on a motor vehicle other than a snowmobile or an off-highway vehicle.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.405 Brakes.

A snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle must be equipped with brakes which will control the movement, stop, and hold the vehicle under normal driving conditions on any grade upon which it normally may be driven, and under all conditions of loading. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.410 Throttle.

A snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle operated by hand controls must be equipped with a throttle or idle spring in good working condition which, when released by hand, will return the engine speed to idle, close the carburetor, and disengage the clutch. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.415 Mufflers and emission-control systems.

A. A snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle must be equipped with a carburetor intake, exhaust muffler, and an emission-control system in good working order, and may not use a muffler cutout, bypass or other similar device.

B. An exception to the requirements of subsection A of this section may be made under a special racing permit as provided in AS 05.35.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.04.420 Other equipment.

A. The following equipment is required on a snowmobile or other off-highway vehicle:

1. A rear snowflap installed to deflect downward a cleat or other object or material which may be thrown by the track or wheels;

2. A protective shield over all moving parts;

3. Reflectors placed on the sides or side cowling which meet the standards established by the Society of Automotive Engineers in effect on the effective date of this section;

4. When towing a sled or other object, a rigid drawbar no greater than ten feet in length; and

5. A spark arrester.

B. Every golf cart, regardless of the number of wheels, when operated on a highway or vehicular way or area must comply with the requirements applicable to snowmobiles and other off-highway vehicles, and with relevant and consistent equipment requirements established for motorcycles by this chapter.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.06.010 Unlawful to drive unsafe vehicle.

No person may drive or move upon a highway a vehicle or a combination of vehicles unless the equipment upon the vehicle or vehicles is in good working order and adjustment as required in this title and unless the vehicle is in such safe mechanical condition as not to endanger the driver or other occupant or any person or property. (Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.06.020 Owner or driver to comply with inspection requirements.

A. No owner or driver of a vehicle may refuse to submit a vehicle to any inspection or test that is authorized or required by the provisions of this chapter.

B. No person may operate a vehicle after being directed to have it repaired or adjusted, except as may be necessary to return the vehicle to the residence or place of business of the owner or driver or to a garage, until the vehicle and its equipment have been placed in property repair and adjustment. This section does not preclude the impounding of a vehicle under AS 28.35.210, if in the officer’s opinion the vehicle is so defective or unsafe as to create a hazard if operated upon the highway.

C. If repair or adjustment of a vehicle or its equipment is found necessary upon inspection, the owner or driver of the vehicle may obtain the repair or adjustment at a place of his own choosing, within a one-hundred-mile radius of the place of citation, or otherwise at the nearest practical place of repair.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.06.030 Inspection by officer.

A. A police officer or other person authorized by the department, having reasonable cause to believe that a vehicle is unsafe or not equipped as required in this title or in AS 28 or that its equipment is not in proper adjustment or repair, may require the driver of the vehicle to stop and submit the vehicle to an inspection and such tests as may be appropriate.

B. If a vehicle is found to be unsafe or a required part or equipment is not present or is not in proper repair and adjustment, the officer or other authorized person shall require that the vehicle be put in safe condition and its equipment be put in proper repair and adjustment, and the owner or driver of the vehicle shall secure a certificate of inspection and approval prior to further operation on a highway except as provided in Section 11.13.06.020. The officer or other authorized person shall specify on the citation the particular repairs necessary and that the required repairs and adjustments must be made within five days, holidays and weekends excluded.

C. In the event that any such vehicle is, in the reasonable judgment of the officer or other person authorized to perform inspections as specified in this chapter, in such condition that further operation would be hazardous, the officer or other authorized person may require, in addition, that the vehicle not be operated under its own power or that it be driven to the nearest garage or other place of safety.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.06.040 Roadside inspection.

A. A driver of a motor vehicle shall stop and submit the vehicle to a roadside inspection as provided in this section where a member of the Alaska State Troopers or another uniformed police officer or a person otherwise authorized by the department is conducting tests and inspections of vehicles and when a sign is displayed requiring a stop, or when a uniformed officer is present and signals the driver to stop.

B. If, upon inspection of a vehicle, it is found to be in unsafe mechanical condition or not equipped as required by traffic regulations or statutes, the driver or owner shall make the necessary repairs or adjustments as provided in Sections 11.13.06.020 and 11.13.06.030.

C. The signs required under subsection A of this section may specify the particular class or type of vehicle which is required to stop and, when so designated, a driver of another class or type of vehicle need not stop.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.06.050 Notice and approval of repair or adjustment—Exception.

A. A police officer may issue a citation to the driver or owner of a vehicle which is not in safe mechanical condition or properly equipped as required by this title or statute. A citation issued under this section shall specify the section of the regulations or statutes of which the driver is in violation and shall specify the repair or adjustment to be made, and shall require that the driver or owner appear in court after a period of at least five days, holidays and weekends excluded, from the date of the violation.

B. A driver or owner, cited under subsection A of this section may, at any time before the specified date for court appearance, appear at the office of the police agency which conducted the inspection and present acceptable evidence of having made the repairs or adjustment or present the vehicle for reinspection. If the defective part or item is at that time determined to be in good repair, and the vehicle otherwise meets the requirements of this title, and AS 28, the inspecting officer or official shall void the citation and notify the court of the action taken.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.06.090 Prohibited practices.

A. No person may perform repairs or adjustments upon a vehicle that are not in accord with acceptable or customary repair practices or not in accordance with the provisions of this title or applicable statutes.

B. No person may wilfully conceal or misrepresent the identity or condition of a vehicle, nor make a false or misleading statement or present false evidence in connection with the inspection, repair, or adjustment of a vehicle.

F. No police officer or other person authorized by the department to conduct inspections under this chapter may order, direct, recommend, or influence the repair or adjustment of a vehicle or its equipment by a particular person, or perform repair or adjustment at a roadside inspection area for compensation, nor may a person solicit in any manner, at a roadside inspection area or upon a surrounding or an adjacent highway, any repair or adjustment business for compensation.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)

11.13.40.010 Definitions.

In this chapter, unless otherwise provided:

1. “Alley” means a street or highway intended to provide access to the rear or side of lots or buildings in urban districts and not intended for use by through vehicular traffic;

2. “Arterial street” means a U.S. or state numbered route, controlled-access highway, or other major radial or circumferential street or highway designated by a municipality within its respective jurisdiction as part of an interlocking system of streets or highways;

3. “Authorized emergency vehicle” means a vehicle equipped as required by Sections 11.13.04.090, 11.13.04.095 and 11.13.04.210 and which is used by a publicly maintained fire or police department, airport security police, a public or private ambulance service, or vehicle of a federal agency which is designated as an emergency vehicle by that agency, or other vehicles designated by the commissioner; the term does not include a person’s private vehicle equipped as provided by Section 11.13.04.100;

4. “Authorized flagman” means every person who is directing or regulating traffic as required by statute, regulation or ordinance, or by contract or agreement, and who is wearing and equipped with the warning devices set out in the Alaska Traffic Manual, published by the Department of Transportation and Public Facilities;

5. “Bicycle” means a vehicle propelled exclusively by human power upon which a person may ride, having two tandem wheels or three wheels in contact with the ground, except scooters and similar devices;

6. “Bus” means every motor vehicle designed for carrying more than ten passengers and used primarily for the transportation of passengers, and every motor vehicle designed and used for the transportation of persons for compensation, except a taxicab or school bus;

7. “Business district” means the territory contiguous to and including a highway, other than a controlled-access highway, when within any six hundred feet along the highway there are buildings in use for business or industrial purposes, including but not limited to, hotels, banks, office buildings, railroad stations or public buildings other than schools which occupy at least three hundred feet of frontage on one side or three hundred feet collectively on both sides of the highway; however, if the highway is physically divided into two or more roadways, only those buildings facing each roadway separately may be regarded;

8. “Centerline” means the line, marked or unmarked, parallel to and approximately equidistant from the sides of a roadway or highway, or a plainly marked dividing line on a roadway between lanes of traffic traveling in opposite directions which may or may not be equidistant from the sides of the roadway or highway;

9. “Controlled-access highway” means every highway, street, or roadway where access to or from the highway is determined by the public authority having jurisdiction over the highway, street or roadway;

10. “Cowling” means the forward or rear portion of a snowmobile surrounding the motor and clutch assembly;

11. “Crosswalk” means that portion of a roadway at an intersection which is between an extension of a sidewalk which ends on the opposite side of the roadway or, in the absence of a sidewalk, that portion of the roadway which is an extension of the edge of the roadway to the opposite side of the roadway and between a parallel line ten feet from that extension in a direction away from the intersection, except as modified by a marked crosswalk on a portion of a roadway at an intersection or elsewhere which is distinctly indicated by lines or other markings on the surface of the roadway;

12. “Dazzle” means to cause a person to lose clear vision due to the effect of a brilliantly shining light;

13. “Dismantle” means the taking, removing, or stripping of parts of a vehicle so that the vehicle cannot be used for its primary function without substantial repair or reconstruction;

14. “Divided highway” means a highway divided into two or more roadways by leaving an intervening space or by a physical barrier or by a clearly indicated dividing section;

15. “Driveaway-towaway operation” means an operation in which a motor vehicle or a trailer, singly or in combination, constitutes the commodity being transported, when one or more sets of wheels of the towed vehicle are on the roadway during the course of transportation, whether or not the towed vehicle furnishes motive power;

16. “Emergency lifesaving or medical services” means medical assistance given to a person whose circumstances, in the opinion of a reasonably prudent person, are such that his life or well-being is endangered;

17. “Explosives” means a chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion, and which contains oxidizing and combustible units or other ingredients in proportions, quantities, or packing that an ignition by fire, friction, concussion, percussion, or detonation of a part of the compound or mixture may cause a sudden generation of highly heated gases which are capable of producing destructive effects on objects, life or limb;

18. “Flammable liquid” means a liquid which has a flashpoint of 60 degrees centigrade (140 degrees Fahrenheit), or less, as determined by tagliabue or equivalent closed-cup test device, and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute) at 37.8 degrees centigrade (100 degrees Fahrenheit); it includes a Class IIIA “combustible liquid” as defined in the National Fire Code, Volume I, 1967-68 and “cutback” or heated asphalt which has or assumes a flashpoint of less than 93.3 degrees centigrade (200 degrees Fahrenheit);

19. “Historic vehicle” means a motor vehicle thirty years or more in age which is driven or moved upon a highway for the primary purpose of historical exhibition or similar activity;

20. “Implement of husbandry” means a vehicle designed or adapted and used primarily for agricultural, horticultural or livestock-raising operations and is only incidentally moved upon the highway; it includes farm tractors used primarily for drawing plows and mowing machines;

21. “Intersection” means the area within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curblines or, if none, the lateral boundary lines of the roadways of two highways which join one another approximately at right angles, or the area within which vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle meet; where a highway includes two roadways thirty feet or more apart, every crossing of each roadway by an intersecting highway is a separate intersection; if intersecting highways include two roadways thirty feet or more apart, every crossing of the roadways of the highways is a separate intersection; the junction of an alley with a street or highway is not an intersection;

22. “Laned roadway” means a roadway which is divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic;

23. “Loading zone” means a space reserved for the use of vehicles during the loading or unloading of passengers or property;

24. “Manufacturer” means a person in the business of construction or assembling vehicles required to be registered under AS 28.10;

25. “Manufacturer’s statement of origin” means a statement or certificate of origin and subsequent ownership of a vehicle until title to the vehicle is issued;

26. “Metal tire” means a tire or wheel whose surface in contact with the highway is wholly or partly metal or other hard, nonresilient material, except a pneumatic tire manufactured with metal studs attached to the surface to improve traction on ice or snow, if the metal in contact with the roadway does not exceed three percent of the total tire area in contact with the roadway;

27. “Mobile home” means a trailer in excess of either twenty-eight feet in length or eight feet in width that is designed, constructed, and equipped for use as a dwelling or as a place of business, storage or other off-highway purpose;

28. “Motor home” means a motor vehicle designed, constructed, or used primarily as a dwelling, office or commercial space;

29. “New vehicle” means a vehicle that has not been sold or registered in this or another jurisdiction; it does not include a vehicle sold by a manufacturer or transporter to a dealer or sold by a dealer to another dealer;

30. “Off-highway vehicle” means a vehicle designed or adapted from cross-country operation over unimproved terrain, ice or snow, and which has been declared by its owner at the time of registration and determined by the department to be unsuitable for general highway use, although the vehicle may make incidental use of a highway as provided in this title; it does not include implements of husbandry and special mobile equipment;

31. “Park” or “parking” means the standing of a vehicle, whether occupied or not; it does not include the stopping temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in loading or unloading property or passengers;

32. “Passenger car” means a motor vehicle, except motorcycles, motor-driven cycles, and off-highway vehicles designed for carrying ten passengers or less, and used primarily for the transportation of persons;

33. “Pedestrian” means any person afoot; it includes a person on skis or snowshoes;

34. “Pneumatic tire” means a tire in which compressed air is designed to support the load;

35. “Pole trailer” means a vehicle without motive power designed to be drawn by another vehicle and attached to the towing vehicle by means of a reach, pole, or by being boomed or otherwise secured to the towing vehicle, and ordinarily used for transporting long or irregularly shaped loads such as poles, pipes, or structural members capable generally of sustaining themselves as beams between the supporting connections;

36. “Police officer” means a person authorized to direct or regulate traffic or to make arrest for violations of traffic regulations;

37. “Private road or driveway” means a way or place in private ownership used for vehicular travel by the owner or those having express or implied permission from the owner;

38. “Railroad” means a carrier of persons or property upon cars, other than streetcars, operated upon stationary rails;

39. “Railroad sign or signal” means a sign, signal or device erected by a state or local official or by a railroad, and intended to give notice of the presence of railroad tracks or the approach of a railroad train;

40. “Railroad train” means a diesel, steam, electric or other motorized unit operated upon rails; it does not include streetcars;

41. “Reconstructed vehicle” means a vehicle required to be registered under AS 28.10 which is materially altered from its original construction by the removal, addition, or substitution of equipment which tends to conceal the identity of the vehicle or substantially alters its appearance, model, type, or mode of driving or movement;

42. “Residence district” means the territory contiguous to and including a highway except a controlled-access highway and not comprising a business district, if the property fronting the highway for a continuous distance of three hundred feet or more is in the main improved with residences, or residences and buildings in use for business;

43. “Right-of-way” means the right of one vehicle or pedestrian to proceed in preference to another vehicle or pedestrian approaching under circumstances of direction, speed and proximity which give rise to danger of collision unless one grants precedence to the other;

44. “Rotary traffic island” means an island which is located in a highway where two or more roadways join and around the circumference of which a roadway is built, and at which vehicular traffic is directed to travel in a single specified direction around the perimeter of the island;

45. “Safety zone” means the area of space officially set apart within a roadway for the exclusive use of pedestrians, and which is protected or marked by signs which are plainly visible at the time it is used as a safety zone;

46. “School bus” means every motor vehicle that complies with the color and identification requirements set forth in the edition of Minimum Standards for School Buses and Minimum Standards for Alaska School Buses, which is in effect on the effective date of this section, and is used to transport children to or from school or in connection with school activities; it does not include buses operated by common carriers for the urban transportation of school children;

47. “Semitrailer” means a vehicle with or without motive power, other than a pole trailer, designed for carrying persons or property, drawn by a motor vehicle, and constructed so that part of its weight rests upon or is carried by another vehicle;

48. “Sidewalk” means that portion of a street between the curblines or the lateral lines of a roadway and the adjacent property lines, and intended for use by pedestrians;

49. “Snowmobile” means a motor vehicle designed to travel over ice or snow, and supported in part by skis, belts, cleats, or low-pressure tires;

50. “Solid rubber tire” means a tire of rubber or other resilient material which does not depend upon compressed air for the support of the load;

51. “Specially constructed vehicle” means a vehicle required to be registered under AS 28.10, which is not originally constructed under a distinctive name, make, model, or type by a generally recognized manufacturer of vehicles and which is not materially altered from its original construction;

52. “Special mobile equipment” means a vehicle which is not designed or used primarily for the transportation of persons or property and only incidentally operated or moved over a highway, including but not limited to ditch digging apparatus, well boring apparatus, construction and maintenance machinery such as asphalt spreaders, bituminous mixers, bucket loaders, tractors other than truck tractors, ditchers, leveling graders, finishing machines, motor graders, road rollers, scarifiers, earthmoving carryalls and scrapers, power shovels and drag lines, and self-propelled cranes and earthmoving equipment; it does not include house trailers, mobile homes, off-highway vehicles, dump trucks, truck-mounted transit mixers, cranes, or shovels, or other vehicles designed for the transportation of persons or property to which machinery has been attached;

53. “Stand” or “standing” means the halting of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except temporarily for the purpose of and while actually engaged in receiving or discharging passengers;

54. “Stop” or “stopping” means a complete cessation from movement, or the halting, even momentarily, of a vehicle, whether occupied or not, except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance with the directions of a police officer or traffic-control sign or signal;

55. “Street” means a highway as defined in AS 28;

56. “Through highway” means a highway or portion of highway on which vehicular traffic has preferential right-of-way, the entrances to which vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield the right-of-way to vehicles on the highway in obedience to a stop sign, yield sign, or other official traffic-control device;

57. “Tow car” means a motor vehicle which is equipped for towing vehicles by means of a crane, hoist, tow bar, tow line or dolly, and is used primarily for towing or otherwise rendering assistance to other vehicles;

58. “Trailer” means a vehicle, with or without motive power, designed for carrying persons or property and for being drawn by a motor vehicle; it includes semitrailers and pole trailers;

59. “Transporter” means a person in the business of delivering vehicles which are required to be registered under AS 28.10 when the delivery is from a manufacturing, assembling, or distributing plant to a dealer or sales agent of a manufacturer;

60. “Truck” means every motor vehicle designed, used or maintained primarily for the transportation of property;

61. “Truck-camper” means a structure designed, used or maintained primarily to be loaded on, or affixed to, a motor vehicle to provide a mobile dwelling, sleeping place, office or commercial space;

62. “Truck-tractor” means a motor vehicle designed and used primarily for drawing other vehicles, which is not designed or constructed to carry a load other than a part of the weight of the vehicle and load being drawn;

63. “Urban district” means the territory contiguous to and including a street with structures devoted to business, industry or dwelling houses situated at intervals of less than one hundred feet for a distance of at least a quarter of a mile;

64. “Vehicle identification number” means the numbers and letters or other distinguishing marks designated by the department for the purpose of identifying a vehicle or its parts, placed on an engine, transmission, or other equipment by its manufacturer or by authority of the department, or in accordance with the laws of another jurisdiction;

65. “Wrecked vehicle” means a vehicle which is so disabled that the whole vehicle cannot be used for its primary function without substantial repair or reconstruction.

(Ord. 84-597 § 4(E) (part), (F) (part), 1984.)