Chapter 18.10
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Sections:
18.10.010 Definitions and abbreviations.
18.10.020 Code compliance and permitting.
18.10.030 Construction standards.
18.10.040 Design submittal requirements.
18.10.050 Phased project submittals.
18.10.070 Construction inspection.
18.10.090 Final project acceptance for privately constructed public improvements.
18.10.005 Generally.
This chapter provides procedural requirements for both private and public works projects, from design through construction. Requirements for preparation, submittal and review of required documents are included, along with administrative procedures for design exceptions, design approval, construction coordination and final project acceptance by the city. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2), 2016].
18.10.010 Definitions and abbreviations.
“AASHTO” means American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
“ADA” means Americans with Disabilities Act.
“ADS” means Advanced Drainage Systems, a manufacturer of stormwater and sanitary sewer materials.
“All-weather surface” means an improved roadway surface, with sufficient ballast and structural support to be used under all weather conditions. The uppermost layer of an all-weather surface may be concrete or asphalt pavement, or in some cases gravel.
“Alley” means a narrow street through a block which affords only secondary means of access to abutting property at the rear or sides thereof.
“Appurtenance” means equipment and/or accessories that are part of an operating system or subsystem.
“APWA” means American Public Works Association.
“Arterial” means a street that serves to interconnect and support the principal arterial highway system. These streets link major commercial, residential, industrial and institutional areas. Arterial streets are typically spaced about one mile apart to assure accessibility and reduce the incidence of traffic using collectors or local streets in lieu of a well-placed arterial street. Many of these routes connect to cities surrounding Coos Bay.
“ASCE” means American Society of Civil Engineers.
“Asphalt Institute” means a United States based association of international petroleum asphalt producers, manufacturers and affiliated businesses.
“ASTM” means American Society for Testing and Materials.
“Boardwalk” means elevated walkway located over land or on submersible land, primarily for pedestrian use similar to a sidewalk or trail, not otherwise covered by pier or wharf.
“Building” means a structure constructed for the support, shelter, or enclosure of persons, animals, or property of any kind.
“Building code” means the Oregon Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing and Residential Specialty Codes.
“Building permit” means the document or certificate issued by the city of Coos Bay that sanctions adherence to all applicable building and development regulations and gives permission to the applicant to proceed with the actions for which the permit was requested.
“City” means the city of Coos Bay, Oregon.
“Clear-vision area” means a triangular area on a lot at the intersection of two streets or a street and a railroad, two sides of which are lot lines measured from the corner intersection of the lot lines for a distance specified in these regulations. The third side of the triangle is a line across the corner of the lot joining the ends of the other two sides. Where the lot lines or intersections have rounded corners, the lot lines will be extended in a straight line to a point of intersection.
“Clearing” means any activity that removes vegetative cover while leaving the root system intact.
“Collector” means a street that provides both access and circulation within residential and commercial/industrial areas. Collectors differ from arterials in that they provide more of a citywide circulation function and do not require as extensive control of access and penetrate residential neighborhoods, distributing trips from the neighborhood and local street system.
“Contractor” means the person, partnership, firm or corporation licensed in Oregon contracting to do work under these standards. The term shall also include the contractor’s agents, employees and subcontractors.
“Cul-de-sac” means a local street having only one means of vehicular access to another street and terminating at its other end in a circular-shaped turnaround. This definition of cul-de-sac shall in no way be interpreted to include a dead-end street.
“Curb ramp” means a short, depressed section of curb and sidewalk, normally placed at street intersections, designated to facilitate travel of persons with disabilities.
“CWA” means Clean Water Act, a federal law enacted in 1972 which establishes the structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters.
“DEQ” means Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.
“Design engineer” means a professional engineer licensed by the OSBEELS.
“Detention facility” means a stormwater basin or structure where excess stormwater is stored or held temporarily and then slowly drains when water levels in the receiving piping system or channel recede. A detention facility is typically dry between storm events.
“Developer” means any person, firm, or corporation undertaking the subdividing and/or development of any parcel of land; also known as the “applicant.”
“Development” means the placement, erection, or removal of any fill, solid material, or structure on land, in or under the water, discharge or disposal of any dredged material or of any liquid or solid waste; or the grading, removing, dredging, mining, or extraction of any materials, including mineral resources; the construction, reconstruction, removal, demolition or alteration of the size of any structure; or the removal or harvesting of vegetation. Development shall not be defined or interpreted to include activities related to or undertaken in conjunction with the cultivation, use, or subdivision of land for agricultural purposes or any improvement made in the interior of any structure.
“Development agreement” means an agreement between the city and a private developer as provided in ORS Chapter 94.
“Drain” means a structure intended to receive only stormwaters, surface runoff, street wash waters and drainage.
“Drain, private” means privately owned drain that is not maintained by the city.
“Drainage” means the removal of surface water or groundwater from land by drains, grading, or other means. Drainage includes the control of runoff to minimize erosion and sedimentation during and after development and includes the means necessary for water supply preservation, prevention, or alleviation of flooding.
“Drainage basin” means a geographic and hydrologic subunit of a watershed.
“Driveway” means that space specifically designated and reserved on the site for the movement of vehicles from one site to another or from a site to a public street.
“Driveway apron” means a concrete section of depressed sidewalk constructed in the city right-of-way to provide a transition between the city street and a private driveway.
“Dwelling unit” means one or more rooms which have cooking and toilet facilities and are designed for occupancy by one family only.
“Easement” means a right which one person has to use the land of another for a specific purpose.
“Erosion” means the detachment and movement of soil or rock fragments by water, wind, and/or gravity.
“Excavation” means removal of topsoil, gravel, sand, rock or any other type of soil material. Also includes removal of roots.
“Existing” means buildings, facilities or conditions, which are already in existence, constructed or officially authorized prior to the adoption of these standards.
“Fence” means any artificially constructed barrier or any material or combination of materials erected to enclose or screen areas of land.
“Fill” means earth or any other approved substance or material.
“Fill, structural” means fill that is intended to support structures.
“Fire apparatus access road” means a road that provides access for fire department vehicles and equipment from a fire station to a facility, building or portion thereof. This is a general term inclusive of all other terms such as fire lane, public street, private street, parking lot lane and access roadway.
“Fire code official” means the city’s fire chief or other designated official who is charged with the administration and enforcement of the Oregon Fire Code.
“Fire lane” means a road or passageway developed to allow the passage of fire apparatus. A fire lane is not necessarily intended for vehicular traffic other than fire apparatus.
“GPM” means gallons per minute.
“Grading” means any combination of excavation and/or fill activities.
Hammerhead. See “Cul-de-sac.”
“HDPE” means high-density polyethylene.
“Landscaping” shall mean not only trees, grass, bushes, shrubs, flowers, and garden areas, but also the arrangement of fountains, patios, decks, street furniture, and ornamental concrete or stonework areas and artificial turf or carpeting, but excluding artificial plants, shrubs, bushes, flowers, and materials in movable containers.
“Local street” means a street that has the sole function of providing access to immediate adjacent land. Service to “through traffic movement” on local streets is deliberately discouraged by design.
“Lot” means a single unit of land legally created by a subdivision of land. A parcel of land used or which is capable of being used under the regulations of CBMC Title 17, lawfully created as such in accordance with the subdivision laws or ordinances in effect at the time of its creation. “Lot” shall also mean the individual leaseholds within an approved manufactured home park.
“Luminaire” means a complete street lighting unit, including lamps, sockets, wiring, poles, foundations and other parts needed to hold the lamp in place, and protect it.
“MUTCD” means Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
“Natural outlet” means any non-manmade discharge into a watercourse, pond, ditch, lake or other body of surface water.
“NAVD” means North American Vertical Datum. Refers to NAVD 88, the North American Vertical Datum of 1988, which is the vertical control datum established in 1991 by the National Geodetic Survey for surveying in the United States.
“Neighborhood routes” means streets that are usually long relative to local streets and provide connectivity to collectors or arterials. Because neighborhood routes have greater connectivity, they generally have more traffic than local streets and are used by residents in the area to get into and out of the neighborhood, but do not serve citywide/large area circulation. They are typically about a quarter to a half-mile in total length. Traffic from cul-de-sacs and other local streets may drain onto neighborhood routes to gain access to collectors or arterials.
“NVGD” means National Geodetic Vertical Datum. Refers to the Sea Level Datum of 1929, which was adjusted in 1947, and later renamed as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 on May 10, 1973. NVGD was used by the National Geodetic Survey prior to 1991.
“OAR” means Oregon Administrative Rules.
“ODOT” means Oregon Department of Transportation.
“OFC” means Oregon Fire Code.
“OPSC” means Oregon Plumbing Specialty Code.
“ORS” means Oregon Revised Statutes.
“OSBEELS” means Oregon State Board of Examiners for Engineering and Land Surveying.
“Owner” means the owner of record of real property as shown on the tax rolls of the county, or person purchasing a piece of property under contract. For the purposes of these standards, in terms of violations and binding agreements between the county and the owner, “owner” shall also mean a leaseholder, tenant, or other person in possession or control of the premises or property at the time of agreement, violations of agreement, or the provisions of these standards. For the purpose of processing a permit per these standards, where such application for permit must be filed by an owner, the term “owner” also includes a governmental entity contemplating acquisition of a parcel which would require such permit.
“Pathway” means a travel corridor provided for nonmotorized use. Pathways typically accommodate both bicycles and pedestrians.
“Pier” means a structure, usually of greater length than width and projecting from the shore into a body of water with direct access from land that can be either open deck or provided with a superstructure.
“Planting strip” means a vegetated area located between the back of curb and sidewalk within the walking zone.
“Public works” means the divisions and personnel of the public works department of the city of Coos Bay.
“Public works and community development director, or their designee” means the duly appointed public works director of the city of Coos Bay and/or community development director, chief land use regulatory officer, and designated authority responsible for enforcement of CBMC Title 17.
“PVC” means polyvinyl chloride.
“Retention facility” means a basin, structure or pond which stores water on a permanent or semi-permanent basis. Water often remains in a retention basin indefinitely, with the exception of volume lost to evaporation or absorbed into soils. Retention facilities typically contain water between storms, as opposed to detention facilities which typically drain after the peak of the storm flow has passed and are usually dry between storms.
“Right-of-way” means a street, alley, or other thoroughfare or easement, whether physically accessible or not, that has been permanently established or dedicated for the passage of persons or vehicles. Title to this land remains with the public or private agency until the need no longer exists.
“Riprap” means a layer, facing, or protective mound of stones randomly placed to prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or embankment; also, the materials so used.
Roadway. See “Street.”
ROW. See “Right-of-way.”
Sanitary Sewer. See “Sewer, sanitary.”
“SDR” means standard dimension ratio.
“Sedimentation” means deposition of soil moved by water or wind from its site of origin.
“Sewer, private” means privately owned sewer that is not maintained by the city. The private sewer lateral is defined as the portion that serves the property from the structure to the public line, including the connection.
“Sewer, sanitary” means a pipe or conduit intended to carry liquid and water-carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings, industrial plants and institutions together with minor quantities of ground, storm and surface waters that are not intentionally admitted.
“Shall” means a requirement.
“Should” means a requirement, unless it can be shown that to comply with the requirement would be unreasonable, impractical, or unfeasible. Economic hardship alone shall not be justification for noncompliance with the requirement, but may be considered in conjunction with other reasons for noncompliance.
“Sidewalk” means that portion of a transition strip improved for pedestrian traffic in accordance with standards fixed by the review authority.
“Standard details” means city of Coos Bay engineering division standard detail drawings.
“Storm drain” means a conduit intended to carry only stormwaters, surface runoff, street wash waters and drainage.
Storm Sewer. See “Storm drain.”
“Stormwater” means that portion of precipitation that does not naturally percolate into the ground or evaporate, but flows via overland flow, interflow, channels or pipes into a defined surface water channel, or a constructed infiltration facility.
“Street” means all roads, streets, highways, freeways, easements, and public rights-of-way used for or designed for vehicular access or use including private roads but not including private driveways.
“Street, private” means a thoroughfare that is privately built and maintained which affords a primary means of vehicular access.
“Surveyor” means a professional land surveyor licensed by the OSBEELS.
“Swale” means a shallow drainage conveyance with relatively gentle side slopes, generally with flow depths less than one foot.
“TSP” means the city of Coos Bay transportation system plan.
“Uni-Bell” means the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association.
“Utilities” means overhead or underground facilities such as towers, lines for communication and power transmission, sanitary sewers, storm drains, water lines, drains, gas lines, and other similar pipes, wires, conduits, vaults, etc.
“Vehicular zone” means the portion of a city street from face of curb to face of curb. The vehicular zone includes travel lanes for motorized vehicles and bicycles, and may also include median and parking areas.
“Walking zone” means the portion of a city street behind the face of curb that provides sidewalk, roadside landscaping, and other amenities for pedestrian travel.
“Wharf” means a structure at the shoreline, having a platform built alongside and parallel to a body of water that may have an open deck or a superstructure. [Ord. 503 § 1, 2018; Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.1), 2016].
18.10.020 Code compliance and permitting.
Private developments and public facilities must comply with all city codes, plans and permits.
Developers are also responsible for obtaining any necessary state and federal permits that may be required for construction/development near wetland areas, streams or other waterways, or if hazardous materials are present on the property. The appropriate agencies should be contacted to determine if state or federal permitting regulations apply. These agencies can include but are not limited to the following:
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Oregon Department of State Lands |
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Oregon Department of Environmental Quality |
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
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Oregon Department of Transportation |
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National Marine Fisheries Service |
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Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife |
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |
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Oregon Department of Forestry |
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Oregon State Historic Preservation Office |
[Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.2), 2016].
18.10.030 Construction standards.
The city has adopted requirements set forth in these standards and the 2015 Oregon Standard Specifications for Construction (or latest edition). Designers shall refer to the standard details in Chapter 18.35 CMC when preparing design plans or permit applications for infrastructure sanitary sewer, storm drainage, and transportation related infrastructure, both public and private. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.3), 2016].
18.10.040 Design submittal requirements.
Legible plans shall be submitted to public works for review. A scale of no less than one inch equals 40 feet shall be used. Other scales may be used only with the approval of public works. Plans must be submitted in digital format (i.e., PDF), unless otherwise specified.
Franchised utilities shall be exempt from utilizing an Oregon professional engineer for plan preparation if they have their own qualified staff.
(1) General Plan Requirements. The following general items shall be shown on all plan sets submitted:
(a) Vicinity map. On first sheet of plan set.
(b) Index of plan sheets. On first sheet of plan set.
(c) Title block. Including project name, design professional, file number, sheet number, date and revision block, Oregon registered professional’s stamp and signature.
(d) North arrow. On each sheet, as applicable.
(e) Elevations shall be referenced to the NAVD 88 datum, with benchmarks identified on the plans.
(2) Utility Information. Subsurface utilities shall be depicted on design drawings per ASCE/CI 38-02 Quality Level C. Refer to ASCE Standard Guidelines for the Collection and Depiction of Existing Subsurface Utilities.
(3) Street Plans. Street plans shall have both plan and profile views on the same sheet. Typical section, signing, and striping information is also required.
(a) Plan views shall contain the following information:
(i) Right-of-way, property lines, and easements (existing and construction).
(ii) Section, township and range.
(iii) Street centerline with 100-foot stationing.
(iv) Horizontal alignment data for centerline, curb returns, cul-de-sacs, and curve radii, including tangent bearings.
(v) Curb/gutter elevations at intersections and cul-de-sacs.
(vi) Location of existing and proposed underground and overhead utilities, roadways, driveways, sidewalks, structures, watercourses, survey monuments, fences and vegetation within the right-of-way and outside right-of-way, if affected by construction.
(vii) Storm drainage facilities with station and offset referenced to street centerline.
(viii) Existing contours and spot elevations, cut/fill limits. A minimum contour interval of two feet is required.
(ix) Sidewalk ramp locations.
(b) Profile views shall show the following information:
(i) Proposed street centerline profile (bold) with tangent grades, vertical curve data (including k value, length and beginning and ending stations and elevations) and high/low points.
(ii) Original ground at centerline.
(iii) Proposed (bold) and existing storm drainage facilities with information on type, inverts, rim/grate elevations, slopes, pipe material, and trench backfill.
(iv) Existing utility crossings.
(v) Continuation of profile 200 feet beyond project limits if street is being reconstructed or if it may be extended in the future.
(c) Typical cross-sections shall show the following information:
(i) Dimensions of traffic lanes, shoulders, gutters, sidewalks, swales, depths of planting strips, easements, right-of-way, etc., per the city’s adopted TSP.
(ii) Cross slope of all elements, such as pavement, sidewalks, planting strips, etc.
(iii) A separate full-width roadway typical section, for each street or portion of the street that differs significantly. Station ranges shall be provided for each typical section.
(d) The following signing and striping information shall be provided:
(i) Locations of all public and privately maintained signs to be installed, including sign details and/or MUTCD sign designation number, where applicable.
(ii) Location and dimensions of all pavement markings.
(iii) For simple projects, signing and striping information may be combined on the plan views; provided, that information is legible and does not overcrowd the sheet. For collector facilities and local access streets that may intersect with city collector routes or state highway facilities, separate signing and striping plans may be required by public works.
(4) Sanitary Sewer and Storm Drain Plans. Sanitary sewer and storm drain plans shall have plan and profile views. Profiles shall be to the same horizontal scale on the same sheet and drawn immediately below the corresponding plan view to a typical vertical scale of one inch equals five feet with stationing increasing from left to right. In areas of significant elevation change, a vertical scale of one inch equals 10 feet may be used. Public works approval is required for any other proposed vertical scale.
Sanitary sewer and/or storm drain plans may be combined into a single set of utility plans; provided, that information is legible. Utility design information may also be incorporated into street plans; provided, that all required information can be provided legibly and without overcrowding the sheet.
(a) Plan views shall contain the following information:
(i) Right-of-way, property lines, and easements (existing and construction).
(ii) Pipe centerline with stationing and reference to street stationing where appropriate.
(iii) Pipe material, length, invert elevation and slope.
(iv) Location of existing (screened or light) and proposed (bold) underground and overhead utilities, roadways, driveways, sidewalks, structures, watercourses, survey monuments, fences and vegetation within the right-of-way and outside right-of-way, if affected by construction.
(v) Existing (screened or light) and proposed (bold) contours and spot elevations. A minimum contour interval of two feet is required.
(b) Profile views shall show the following information:
(i) Pipe invert profile with grades.
(ii) Existing (screened or light) and proposed (bold) ground at centerline.
(iii) Existing (screened or light) and proposed manholes, catch basins, field drains and inlets, with information on type, inverts, rim elevations, slopes, materials, and trench backfill.
(iv) Existing (screened or light) and proposed (bold) water, storm drain, sanitary sewer, gas, power, cable and other utility crossings. Show separation requirements where appropriate.
(v) Continuation of profile 200 feet beyond project limits if sanitary sewer, water or storm drain may be extended in the future.
(5) Stormwater Management System Plans. Structural detention and retention facility plans must show:
(a) Facility dimensions and setbacks from property lines and structures.
(b) Profile view of facility, including typical cross-sections with dimensions.
(c) All stormwater piping associated with the facility, including pipe materials, sizes, slopes, and invert elevations at every bend or connection.
(d) Additional detail as determined by public works, depending on individual site conditions.
For projects that include vegetated stormwater management facilities, catch basin pretreatment inserts or stormwater retention/detention facilities, a plan outlining the scope of activities, schedule and responsible parties for periodic inspection and maintenance of those facilities shall be included with the construction submittal. This plan shall cover vegetation management, structural repairs, sediment removal/disposal and other activities necessary for the continued long-term function of the stormwater facilities.
(6) Additional Stormwater Design Documentation. Stormwater documentation prepared in accordance with the ODOT Hydraulics Manual shall be submitted, including but not limited to a hydraulics report, bridge and culvert studies, supporting data, and other stormwater design documentation, as applicable. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.4), 2016].
18.10.050 Phased project submittals.
For large developments intended to be implemented in phases over multiple years, a phased design submittal process will be considered by public works on a case-by-case basis. Public works prefers that ultimate traffic volumes, water usage, sanitary sewer flows and stormwater runoff be estimated for the entire project prior to approval of a phased approach. Design of each phase should accommodate the ultimate build-out condition and each phase should be able to stand alone, so that the required infrastructure for each phase is fully functional. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.5), 2016].
18.10.060 Design exceptions.
A documented design exception is required for any design or construction deviation from these city design standards. Exceptions may be granted by public works upon evidence that such adjustments are in the public interest. Requirements for safety, function, fire protection, transit needs, appearance and maintainability based upon sound engineering and technical judgment must be fully met.
(1) Design Exception Submittal Requirements.
(a) Design exception requests must be submitted in writing and shall include the following:
(i) Complete description of the desired modification.
(ii) Identified sections of the design standards that are relevant to the proposed alternative.
(iii) Reason for the request.
(iv) Comparison between the specification/design standard and the modification addressing the performance, particularly in regard to public safety. Document nationally accepted design standards, such as AASHTO and ASTM, where applicable.
(v) Additional design exception considerations specific to individual topics are provided in the applicable chapter of these design standards.
(vi) It is the responsibility of the applicant to provide sufficient, clear and accurate supporting information.
(b) Public works will review the design exception request and will allow a modification if one or more of the following requirements is met:
(i) The specification or design standard does not apply in the particular application.
(ii) Topography, right-of-way or other conditions specific to the site impose an unusual circumstance not typical of other sites in Coos Bay and an equivalent alternative, which can accomplish the same design objective while not adversely affecting public safety, is available.
The designated public works personnel will approve the application as is, approve with changes, or deny with an explanation.
(2) Appeal Process. If the applicant is unsatisfied with the designated public works personnel’s decision, the appeal process is as follows:
(a) Written request addressed to the public works director;
(b) If not resolved at public works director level, a written appeal shall be submitted to the city manager;
(c) If not resolved at the city manager level, the applicant shall submit a written appeal to the city council. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.6), 2016].
18.10.070 Construction inspection.
For infrastructure intended to be accepted by the city for public use, operations and maintenance, the developer is responsible for providing inspection of construction methods, materials, installation, etc., using qualified inspectors to ensure compliance/conformance with the design professional’s plans and specifications.
The following requirements apply during construction:
(1) Materials submittals are required and must be accepted by the design professional prior to construction of any facilities which are intended to be accepted by the city for public use. Refer to the Oregon 2015 Standard Specifications for Construction and city supplemental general conditions for material submittal requirements.
(2) The developer’s inspector will need to observe the following construction work:
(a) Installation of new storm drains and sanitary sewer systems.
(b) Connections to existing storm and sanitary sewers.
(c) Forms for concrete curb, gutter and sidewalk.
(d) Roadway subgrade, crushed rock base course and asphalt paving.
(3) Subgrade and base rock compaction tests shall be performed by an independent testing laboratory during construction, and results provided to public works.
(4) Pilings require inspection by a licensed professional engineer.
Copies of all inspection reports and results, reviewed and approved by the design professional, shall be provided to public works upon completion of construction work.
Furthermore, applicant is required to adhere to all additional inspections/requirements/conditions as described in the project’s approved permits. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.7), 2016].
18.10.080 As-built documents for privately constructed public improvements (pertains to city owned and maintained infrastructure).
Upon construction completion, the following documents shall be submitted to public works:
(1) As-built drawings showing actual constructed locations and elevations of all street facilities, pipes, manholes and laterals. Said drawings shall be submitted along with an AutoCAD compatible file on CD or USB drive.
(2) Copies of all inspection reports and results, reviewed and approved by the design professional.
(3) Written certification from the developer’s design professional confirming that the project was constructed in accordance with approved plans and specifications. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.8), 2016].
18.10.090 Final project acceptance for privately constructed public improvements.
Following receipt of as-built documents and completion of any outstanding “punch list” items for infrastructure intended for acceptance by the city, public works will forward a project acceptance and street adoption recommendation to the Coos Bay city council. The city will not assume maintenance responsibility for constructed facilities prior to council acceptance. [Ord. 479 § 1 (EDS § 2.9), 2016].