Chapter 17.28
PARKING STRUCTURES
Sections:
17.28.030 Parking Structure Standards
17.28.040 Illuminance Standards
17.28.010 Application
Parking structure standards apply to covered and enclosed facilities intended for use by the general public, for those used by residents, customers, and employees of apartment buildings or commercial developments. They are not intended to apply to parking structures used exclusively for repair or storage of commercial vehicles, or where attendants park vehicles. (Ord. 03-1033 § 11)
17.28.020 Purpose
A. This chapter establishes CPTED design and lighting standards for parking structures. These standards include interior and exterior CPTED strategies for the reasonably safe movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic in parking structures, the enhancement of personal security and deterrence of vandalism, theft and assault while conserving energy and minimizing maintenance.
B. Parking structures comprise a large volume of space with relatively low levels of activity. Violent crime is more likely to occur in a parking structure than in other commercial facilities. Many parking structures lack CPTED features because property owners and architects are not familiar with basic principles of design concepts for crime prevention. Although CPTED principles can be readily incorporated into parking structures at design and construction stages, it is often difficult and expensive to upgrade security at a later date. Incorporating CPTED can significantly reduce the fear and risk of crime.
C. Parking lots and parking structures have vehicular speeds that are much lower than roadways. More importantly, the primary purpose of lighting here is to benefit the pedestrian.
D. The illuminance requirements of a parking facility are affected by the layout, operation and vehicular traffic safety issues, plus the visibility and security needs of pedestrians walking to and from their vehicles. Lighting for parking structures should provide not only the recommended minimum illuminance levels but also good color rendition, uniformity, and minimal glare. (Ord. 03-1033 § 11)
17.28.030 Parking Structure Standards
Parking structures shall meet the recommendations of the IESNA Handbook. At a minimum, the following standards shall be used in the construction of parking structures. It is required that the developer comply with Lighting for Parking Facilities, Recommended Practices RP-20-98 and Chapter 22, Roadway Lighting as delineated in the IESNA Handbook, 9th Edition.
A. For security reasons, it is recommended to locate stairs and elevators adjacent to a street, where the lobbies are visible from the street.
B. Pedestrian walkways shall be elevated similar to a speed hump/bump in order to allow pedestrians greater visibility and to assist in slowing cars when in the vicinity of pedestrians.
C. Potential hiding places below stairs shall be closed off. If used for storage, such areas shall be secured with doors and locks.
D. Directional arrows indicating stairs, elevators and exits shall be painted on walls or indicated with illuminated signs.
E. Remote exterior stairway doors shall be equipped with one-way locks allowing people to exit but not to enter the facility at those locations.
F. Pedestrian entrances shall be concentrated to bring all pedestrians through one (1) portal, which improves the ability to see and be seen by others.
G. Any ground-level pedestrian exits that open into nonsecure areas shall be emergency exits only and fitted with self-locking doors.
H. Active security measures such as emergency phones and closed circuit television (CCTV) are recommended.
I. Fencing shall not be used unless security dictates. If necessary, a six (6) foot high black-coated chain link fence is recommended. Openings in the fence should be located carefully, with only a minimum number of openings allowing cars and pedestrians to enter and leave.
J. Landscape plantings shall not be located within three (3) feet of the interior curbing of the perimeter of the parking lot. (Ord. 03-1033 § 11)
17.28.040 Illuminance Standards
A. Lighting shall be positioned to illuminate both horizontally and vertically. Illumination must reach into the edges of the parking stalls rather than just the driving aisles to minimize dark hiding places between cars.
B. To minimize glare, lights shall be positioned between parked vehicles rather than in the center of drive aisles.
C. Cutoff luminaries shall be required on all lighting mounted higher than twelve (12) feet above the floor.
D. Interior parking structure walls, beam faces and underside of floor slabs shall be stained or painted a light color, preferably white or light blue, to increase the general brightness in parking structures. Anti-graffiti coating added to walls should be considered.
E. The illuminance requirements for parking structures shall be in accordance with the standards in Table 17.28.030a. The illuminance shall be measured, or calculated, on an unobstructed floor. The maximum and minimum values are maintained illuminance levels; this occurs just prior to lamp replacement and luminaire cleaning. Vertical illuminances of objects such as walls and columns shall be equal to the horizontal values given in Table 17.28.030a. These vertical values shall be for a location measured at a height of five (5) feet above the pavement.
|
|
Minimum Horizontal Illumination (footcandles) |
Maximum/Minimum Horizontal Uniformity Ratio* |
Minimum Vertical Illumination (footcandles) |
|
Basic |
1.0 |
10:1 |
0.5 |
|
Ramps Day** |
2.0 |
10:1 |
1.0 |
|
Night*** |
1.0 |
10:1 |
0.5 |
|
Entrances Day |
50 |
No Requirement |
25 |
|
Night |
1.0 |
10:1 |
0.5 |
|
Stairways |
2.0 |
No Requirement |
1.0 |
* The measure of uniformity in this table is the ratio of maximum light level to minimum light level.
** Day is the time after sunrise and before sunset.
*** Night is the time after sunset and before sunrise.
(Ord. 03-1033 § 11)