Chapter 22.04
DEFINITIONS

Sections:

22.04.010    Definitions A through Z.

22.04.010 Definitions A through Z.

Wherever they appear in this chapter, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

-A-

“Accepted agricultural practice” means a mode of operation that is common to farms or ranches of similar nature, necessary for the operation of such farms or ranches to obtain a profit in money and customarily utilized in conjunction with agricultural use.

“Accessible” means development in compliance with the federal accessibility guidelines and standards. Accessible sites and facilities do not contain barriers limiting their use by people with disabilities.

“Accessory renewable energy system” means a system accessory to a primary structure or allowed use on the parcel that converts energy into a usable form such as electricity or heat and conveys that energy to the allowed structure or use. An “accessory renewable energy system” is a solar thermal, photovoltaic, or wind turbine structure or group of structures designed to offset all or part of the annual energy requirements of the primary use on the subject parcel.

“Accessory structure/building” means a structure or detached building whose use is incidental and subordinate to that of the main use of the property, and that is located on the same parcel as the main building or use. The term “detached” means that the main building and accessory building do not share a common wall. An accessory building connected to the main building by a breezeway is a detached building.

“Active wildlife site” means a wildlife site that has been used within the past five years by a sensitive wildlife species.

“Addition” means an extension or increase in the area or height of an existing building.

“Administrator” means the director of the Skamania County department of planning and community development or a designee who has authority over a proposed project review.

“Adversely affect” or “adversely affecting” means a reasonable likelihood of more than moderate adverse consequences for the scenic, cultural, recreation or natural resources of the National Scenic Area, the determination of which is based on:

1. The context of a proposed action;

2. The intensity of a proposed action, including the magnitude and duration of an impact and the likelihood of its occurrence;

3. The relationship between a proposed action and other similar actions which are individually insignificant but which may have cumulatively significant impacts; and

4. Proven mitigation measures which the proponent of an action will implement as part of the proposal to reduce otherwise significant effects to an insignificant level.

“Agricultural building” means a building located on a farm or ranch and used in the operation for the storage, repair, and maintenance of farm equipment and supplies or for the raising or storage of crops and livestock. These include, but are not limited to: barns, silos, workshops, equipment sheds, greenhouses, and processing facilities.

“Agricultural specialist (SMA)” means a person such as a county extension agent with a demonstrated knowledge of farming operations, and a demonstrated ability to interpret and recommend methods to implement regulations pertaining to agriculture. Such abilities are usually obtained through a combination of higher education and experience.

“Agricultural structure” means a structure (not including buildings) located on a farm or ranch and used in the operation. These include, but are not limited to: wind machines (orchards), storage bins, fences, trellises, and irrigation systems.

“Agricultural use” means the current employment of land for the primary purpose of obtaining a profit in money by raising, harvesting and selling of crops; or by the feeding, breeding, management and sale of, or production of, livestock, poultry, fur-bearing animals or honeybees; or for dairying and the sale of dairy products; or any other agricultural or horticultural use, including Christmas trees. Current employment of land for agricultural use includes:

1. The operation or use of farmland subject to any agriculture-related government program;

2. Land lying fallow for one year as a normal and regular requirement of good agricultural husbandry;

3. Land planted in orchards or other perennial prior to maturity; and

4. Land under buildings supporting accepted agricultural practices.

5. “Agricultural use” does not include livestock feedlots.

“Air” means the mixture of gases comprising the Earth’s atmosphere.

“Anadromous fish” means species of fish that migrate upstream to freshwater after spending part of their life in the ocean.

“Anaerobic” means a condition in which molecular oxygen is absent (or effectively so) from the environment.

“Aquaculture” means the cultivation, maintenance and harvesting of aquatic species.

“Aquatic area” means the water area of a stream, pond or lake, measured at the ordinary high-water mark.

Archaeological Resource. See “Cultural resource.”

“Archaeological survey” means actions conducted to determine if archaeological resources are present in an area that would be affected by a proposed use. “Archaeological surveys” may include archival research, surface surveys, subsurface testing and ethnographic research. An archaeological survey may also be called a reconnaissance survey.

“Archival research” means research in primary documents that is likely to yield information regarding human occupation of the area in question, including but not limited to deed, census, cartographic and judicial records.

-B-

“Background” means one of the main visibility distance zones used to determine relative sensitivity of a development, structure, or use based on its distance from the viewer. Background is represented in the space from four miles to the horizon.

“Bed and breakfast inn” means an establishment located in a structure designed as a single-family dwelling where more than two rooms but fewer than six rooms are rented on a daily basis. Bed and breakfast inns are clearly incidental to the use of a structure as a single-family dwelling and are owner occupied and operated. Bed and breakfast inns operate as traveler accommodation, not as rooming or boarding houses.

“Best management practices (BMPs)” means conservation techniques and management measures that:

1. Control soil loss and reduce water quality degradation caused by nutrients, animal waste, toxins, and sediment;

2. Minimize adverse effects to groundwater and surface-water flow and circulation patterns; and

3. Maintain the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of wetlands, ponds, streams and riparian areas.

“Biodiversity (SMA)” means a diversity of biological organisms at the genetic, species, ecosystem and landscape levels.

“Boat landing” means a cleared area or developed structure used to facilitate launching or retrieving watercraft.

“Buffer” or “buffer zone” means an area adjacent to a water resource or other sensitive area that is established and managed to protect sensitive natural resources from human disturbance. In instances that involve a wetland, stream or pond, the buffer zone includes all or a portion of the riparian area.

“Building” means any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy. Buildings have a roof supported by columns or walls. They include, but are not limited to, dwellings, garages, barns, sheds and shop buildings.

-C-

“Camping or recreational vehicle” means a vacation trailer, camper, self-propelled vehicle, or structure equipped with wheels for highway use that is intended for recreational purposes, but not for residential purposes, and is equipped with plumbing, sink, or toilet. A camping or recreational vehicle shall be considered a dwelling unit if it is (1) connected to a sewer system (including septic tank), water, and electrical lines, or (2) is occupied on the same parcel for more than sixty days in any consecutive twelve-month period.

“Campsite” means a single camping unit that usually consists of a cleared, level area for a tent and may include a parking spur, fire ring, table and other amenities.

“Canopy closure (SMA)” means, for forest practices, the percentage measuring the degree to which one layer of a tree canopy blocks sunlight or obscures the sky as measured from below.

“Capability” means the ability of land to produce forest or agricultural products due to characteristics of the land itself, such as soil, slope, exposure or other natural factors.

“Cascadian architecture (SMA)” means an architectural style using native rock work, large timber and steeply pitched roofs in a rustic manner.

“Catastrophic situations (SMA)” means forces such as fire, insect and disease infestations, and earth movements.

“Child care center” means a facility providing day care to three or more children, but not including:

1. The provision of care that is primarily educational unless provided to a preschool child for more than four hours a day;

2. The provision of care that is primarily supervised training in a specific subject, including but not limited to dancing, gymnastics, drama, music or religion;

3. Provision of short-term care primarily an incident of group athletic or social activities;

4. The provision of day care in the provider’s home in the family living quarters for less than thirteen children.

“Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area graphic signing system” means sign design standards developed for the National Scenic Area for public signs in and adjacent to public road rights-of-way.

Columbia River Treaty Tribes. See “Indian tribes.”

“Commercial development or use” means any facility or use of land or water whose function is primarily retail buying or selling of goods or services or both. This does not include fruit and produce stands.

“Commercial event” means an organized gathering at an allowed commercial development. Such events include weddings, receptions, indoor concerts and farm dinners, and are incidental and subordinate to the primary use on a parcel.

“Commercial forest products” includes timber for lumber, pulp, and firewood for commercial proposes.

“Commercial recreation” means any private (nongovernmental) recreational activity or facility on privately owned land, excluding nonprofit facilities. This does not include operation of a public recreation facility by a private vendor.

“Community facility” means basic utilities and services necessary to support public service needs, including but not limited to water and power utilities, sanitation facilities, public microwave stations and communication facilities, schools, roads and highways. This does not include sanitary landfills.

“Consulting parties (cultural resources)” means organizations or individuals who submit substantive written comments to the planning agency in a timely manner because they are concerned with the effects of a proposed use on cultural resources.

“Contiguous land” means parcels or other lands that are under the same ownership and have a common boundary, regardless of whether or not portions of the parcels have separate tax lot numbers, lie in different counties, lie in different sections or government lots, lie in different land use or zoning designations, or are separated by public or private roads. “Contiguous land” does not include parcels which meet only at a single point.

“County” means Skamania County, its officials, agents, representatives, commissions and boards, and whichever of them has made a determination or performed a governmental action affecting a proposed use or development regulated under this title.

“Created opening (SMA)” means a created forest opening with less than forty percent average canopy closure of overstory trees and less than sixty percent average canopy closure of understory trees averaging less than five inches diameter at breast height for coniferous forests and less than twenty-five percent total canopy cover for oak woodlands. This definition does not include agricultural fields.

“Creation of wetlands” means a human activity that converts an upland into a wetland. This definition presumes that the area to be converted has not been a wetland in recent times (one hundred to two hundred years).

“Cultivation” means any activity that prepares land for raising crops by turning, breaking, or loosening the soil. “Cultivation” includes plowing, harrowing, leveling, and tilling.

“Cultural resource” means the objects, features, sites and places that have meaning and significance for specific human groups and cultures. Cultural resources support the cohesive bonds of the communities that recognize and comprehend their significance. Cultural resources can be divided into four types: archaeological resources, historic buildings, traditional cultural properties and traditional use areas.

1. “Archaeological resources” means the artifacts and features left in the landscape of early American Indian activities and the historic activities of early settlers. Artifacts are human-manufactured items and the waste material from manufacture. Features are the human alterations in the landscape. “Artifacts” include arrowheads and the stone waste flakes from making them and historic cans, bottles, ceramics and wooden and metal objects left in dumps or scattered in the landscape. Features include human-made pits in talus slopes, stacked rocks, rock walls, blazed and scarred trees, ditches, railroad grades, wagon roads, cabin foundations and other human modifications of the natural landscape.

2. “Historic buildings and structures” means standing structures and their associated features that are at least fifty years old. Often, they are still in use but can be abandoned and deteriorating. They are distinct from historic archaeological resources by being above ground and not collapsed to the level of the surrounding landscape.

3. “Traditional cultural properties” means monumental sites, sacred places, legendary areas, mythical locations, traditional gathering places, and landscapes and landscape features that are identified by the specific communities that hold meaning for them. They maintain and perpetuate values and practices of the group that attach significance to them. They provide spiritual connection to the community.

4. “Traditional use areas” means procurement and processing sites in the landscape for every kind of resource a society needs to perpetuate its specific culture. They are the sources for food, medicine, fibers and tools that provide subsistence for a specific group’s culture.

“Culturally significant foods” means natural resources used by Native Americans for subsistence, medicine and ceremony, including: water, fish, big game, roots, and berries.

“Culturally significant plants and wildlife” means native plant and animal species essential to the culture of a Native American group.

“Cumulative effects” means the combined effects of two or more activities. The effects may be related to the number of individual activities, or to the number of repeated activities on the same piece of ground. Cumulative effects can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.

“Cut” means an area where soil or earth is excavated or removed in conjunction with development activities.

-D-

“Dedicated site” means an area actively devoted to the current use, as delineated on the site plan.

“Deer and elk winter range” means areas normally used, or capable of being used, by deer and elk from December through April.

“Department” means the Skamania County department of planning and community development.

“Destruction of wetlands” means a human activity which results in the loss of a wetland or any of its component parts, including filling, draining, or other activity having an adverse effect on the sustainable functioning of the wetland.

“Developed recreation” means recreational opportunities characterized by high-density use on specific sites and requiring facilities installation. Density of use, amount of site development, and type of recreation site can vary widely across the spectrum of recreation activities.

“Developed road prism (SMA)” means the area of the ground associated with a particular road and containing the road surface, ditch, shoulder, retaining walls, or other developed features. Does not include the natural appearing portions of cut and fill slopes.

“Development” means any land division or new construction or modification of buildings, structures, and roads, and any earth-moving activity, including, but not limited to, dredging, filling, grading, paving and excavation.

“Diameter at breast height (dbh)” means the diameter of a tree as measured at breast height.

“Distance zone” (see “Background,” “Middleground,” and “Foreground”) is used to determine relative sensitivity of a development structure or use based on its distance from the viewer. Generally, the closer a development is to the area from which it is being viewed, the more attention will need to be given to the site placement, design features, and mitigations to ensure the development blends with the landscape.

“Duplex” means a building containing two dwelling units and designed for occupancy by two families.

“Dwelling unit” means a single self-contained unit with basic facility needs for day-to-day living. Basic facility needs include, but are not limited to, a kitchen, sleeping area(s), and a bathroom.

-E-

“Earth materials” means any rock, natural soil or any combination thereof. “Earth materials” do not include nonearth or processed materials, including, but not limited to, construction debris (e.g., concrete, asphalt, wood), organic waste (e.g., cull fruit, food waste) and industrial byproducts (e.g., slag, wood waste).

“Effect on treaty rights” means to bring about a change in, to influence, to modify, or to have a consequence to Indian treaty or treaty-related rights in the Treaties of 1855 with the Nez Perce, Umatilla, Warm Springs and Yakama tribes executed between the individual Indian tribes and the Congress of the United States and as adjudicated by the federal courts.

“Emergency/disaster” means a sudden unexpected occurrence, either the result of human or natural forces, necessitating immediate action to prevent or mitigate significant loss or damage to life, health, property, essential public services, or the environment.

“Emergency/disaster response” means actions involving any development (such as new structures, grading, or excavation) or vegetation removal that must be taken immediately in response to an emergency/disaster event (as defined above). Emergency/disaster response actions not involving any structural development or ground disturbance (such as use of emergency transport vehicles, communications activities or traffic control measures) are not included in this definition and are not affected by these provisions.

“Endemic” means plant and animal species that are found only in the vicinity of the Columbia River Gorge area.

“Enhancement (natural and scenic resources)” means a human activity that increases or makes greater the value, desirability or attractiveness of one or more functions of an existing sensitive area. For riparian areas, such as wetlands, streams, and lakes, enhancement is generally limited to the area that is degraded. Enhancing a sensitive natural resource area that is in good or excellent condition may reduce biological diversity and eliminate other natural functions and may not be desirable.

“Ephemeral streams (SMA)” means streams that contain flowing water only during, and for a short duration after, precipitation events.

“Equitable recreation” means development and services that are equally accessible and available to all people regardless of income level, ethnicity, gender, ability, or age.

“Ethnography” means the descriptive and analytic study of the culture of particular groups. An ethnographer seeks to understand a group through interviews with its members and often through living in and observing the group.

“Existing industrial complex” means areas including some existing industrial use and where readily visible remnants of past industrial activities exist. The complex includes buildings, including those abandoned or partially abandoned, paved areas, stockpiles, equipment storage areas, quarry areas, etc., and may include isolated patches of vegetation or rock outcroppings surrounded by areas described above. The complex does not extend to include areas where evidence of past activity is no longer readily evident in the landscape.

“Existing use or structure” means any use or structure that was legally established and that has continued to operate lawfully and has not been discontinued.

“Exploration, development (extraction and excavation)” and “production of natural resources” means all or any part of the process of surface, underground or submerged mining of mineral resources, and transportation of mineral resources from the site. This definition includes all exploration and mining, regardless of area disturbed or volume mined. “Production of mineral resources” means the use of portable crushing, on-site stockpiling, washing, milling, screening, or sorting equipment or other similar methods of initial treatment of a mineral resource and transport to another site for use or further processing. Secondary processing such as concrete or asphalt batch plants are considered industrial uses.

-F-

“Fill” means the placement, deposition or stockpiling of sand, sediment or other earth materials to create new uplands or to create an elevation above the existing surface.

“Finished grade” means the final elevation of the ground level of a property after construction is completed.

“Fire break” means a break in ground cover fuels adjacent to and surrounding buildings.

“Footprint” means the area that falls directly beneath and shares the same perimeter as a structure.

“Forbs” means broad-leaved herbs, in contrast to ferns, fern allies and grasses and grass-like plants.

“Foreground” means one of three main visibility distance zones used to determine relative sensitivity of a development, structure, or use based on its distance from the viewer. Foreground is represented in the space from zero (the viewer) up to one-half mile.

“Forest health (SMA)” means a measure of the robustness of forest ecosystems. Forests are deemed healthy when they have capacity across the landscape for renewal, for the maintenance of wildlife habitats, for recovery from a wide range of disturbances, and for retention of their resilience.

“Forest practice (GMA)” means those activities related to the growing and harvesting of forest tree species as defined in the Washington State Forest Practices Act.

“Forest practice (SMA)” means any activity conducted on or directly pertaining to forested land and relating to forest ecosystem management including but not limited to growing, thinning, or removing live or dead forest tree or shrub species, road and trail construction, reforestation, fertilizing, brush control, prevention of wildfire, and suppression of diseases and insects. The removal of hazardous trees is excluded. Uses that include establishment, management or harvest of Christmas trees, nursery stock, or fiber producing tree species requiring intensive cultivation (irrigation, fertilization, etc.) and a harvest rotation of twelve years or less are considered agricultural uses.

“Forest products” means commodities produced from a forest, including, but not limited to, timber products, boughs, mushrooms, pine cones, and huckleberries.

“Forest Service” means the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service—National Scenic Area Office.

“Forest stand structure (SMA)” means the number, types and spacing of tree species, tree sizes, and canopy layers contained in a stand of trees.

“Forest use” means growing, propagation and harvesting of forest tree species and other forest products.

“Fruit and produce stand” means a venue on a farm or ranch selling produce and agricultural products primarily grown on the subject farm or ranch. Associated incidental agricultural products from the local region and associated incidental marketing materials shall not make up more than twenty-five percent of the sales at the stand. Incidental products may include processed foods like jams and jellies. Foods prepared for consumption on the premises are not permitted. Fruit and produce stands are not a commercial use.

“Fully screened” means a description used when determining compliance with the scenic standards (visually subordinate and not visually evident) where a structure, development or use is not visible from a specific vantage point (generally a key viewing area). See the “Scenic Resources Implementation Handbook” for more information regarding screening for development in the National Scenic Area.

-G-

“Gorge Commission” means the Columbia River Gorge Commission.

“Grade (Ground level)” means the average elevation of the finished ground elevation as defined by the International Building Code.

“Grading” means any excavating or filling of earth materials or any combination thereof, including the land in its excavated or filled condition.

-H-

“Hazard tree” means a tree with a structural defect that will predictably result in whole or partial failure within one-and-one-half tree lengths of a road or maintained development. A defective tree is hazardous only when its failure could result in danger to people or damage to structures, vehicles, or other property.

“Hearing examiner” is an appointed official vested with the duties established by Skamania County Ordinance No. 2006-16.

“Height of building” means the greatest vertical distance between the point of lowest finished grade adjoining any exterior wall of a building and the highest point of the roof, such as the highest coping or parapet of a flat roof, the highest deck line of a mansard roof, or the highest ridge of a hip, gable, gambrel, shed or other pitched roof.

“Herbaceous” means a plant with no persistent woody stem above the ground, with characteristics of an herb.

“Herbs” means nonwoody (herbaceous) plants, including grasses and grass-like plants, forbs, ferns, fern allies, and nonwoody vines. Seedlings of woody plants that are less than three feet tall are considered part of the herbaceous layer.

Historic Buildings and Structures. See “Cultural resource.”

“Historic survey” means actions that document the form, style, integrity and physical condition of historic buildings and structures. “Historic surveys” may include archival research, architectural drawings and photographs.

“Home occupation” means a small-scale commercial use conducted in a legal single-family dwelling or accessory structure, employing the residents of the dwelling and up to three outside employees. Periodic use of home offices, studios, and other work areas used only by the residents of the dwelling are not a home occupation.

“Horses, boarding of (GMA)” means the stabling, feeding and grooming, or the use of stalls for and the care of horses not belonging to the owner of the property, and related facilities such as training arenas, corrals, and exercise tracks. These facilities are either operated for a fee or by a nonprofit organization.

“Hydric soil” means a soil that is saturated, flooded or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.

-I-

“Immediate foreground for scenic corridors” means a subset of one of the three main visibility distance zones used to determine relative sensitivity of a development, structure, or use based on its distance from the viewer. Immediate foreground is represented in the space from zero (the viewer) up to one-quarter mile. For scenic travel corridors in the GMA, “immediate foreground” also includes lands within one-quarter mile of the edge of pavement. In the SMAs, “immediate foreground” includes the developed prism of a road or trail KVA or within the boundary of the developed area of KVAs (such as Crown Point or Multnomah Falls).

“In-lieu or treaty fishing access sites” means sites acquired by the Army Corps of Engineers and transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs for treaty fishing, in lieu of those usual and accustomed fishing areas lost by inundation from reservoir construction. These sites were acquired under the provisions of Public Law 79-14 and Public Law 100-581, Section 401. Additional in-lieu or treaty fishing access sites will be provided for.

“Indian tribes” means the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.

“Industrial uses” means any use of land or water primarily involved in:

1. Assembly or manufacture of goods or products;

2. Processing or reprocessing of raw materials, processing of recyclable materials or agricultural products not produced within a constituent farm unit;

3. Storage or warehousing, handling or distribution of manufactured goods or products, raw materials, agricultural products, forest products or recyclable materials for purposes other than retail sale and service; or

4. Production of electric power for commercial purposes.

“Interpretative displays” means signs and structures that provide for the convenience, education and enjoyment of visitors, helping visitors understand and appreciate natural and cultural resources and their relationship to them.

-K-

“Key components” means the attributes that are essential to maintain the long-term use and productivity of a wildlife site. The key components vary by species and wildlife site. Examples include fledgling and perching trees, watering sites and foraging habitat.

“Key viewing areas” means those portions of identified important public roads, parks, or other vantage points within the scenic area from which the public views National Scenic Area landscapes. Such portions include gathering points, rest areas, roads and trails that provide primary access to the area, parking lots, and associated recreation areas. These key viewing areas (KVAs) are as follows:

1. In General and Special Management Areas.

a. Historic Columbia River Highway (including the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail);

b. Crown Point;

c. Interstate 84, including rest stops;

d. Multnomah Falls;

e. Washington State Route 14;

f. Beacon Rock;

g. Panorama Point Park;

h. Cape Horn;

i. Dog Mountain Trail;

j. Cook-Underwood Road;

k. Rowena Plateau and Nature Conservancy Viewpoint;

l. Portland’s Women’s Forum State Park;

m. Bridal Veil State Park;

n. Larch Mountain (including Sherrard Point);

o. Rooster Rock State Park;

p. Bonneville Dam Visitor Center;

q. Columbia River;

r. Washington State Route 141;

s. Washington State Route 142;

t. Oregon Highway 35;

u. Sandy River;

v. Pacific Crest Trail.

2. In Special Management Areas Only.

a. Old Highway 8 (previously known as Old Washington State Route 14 and County Road 1230);

b. Wyeth Bench Road (also known as Wyeth Road);

c. Larch Mountain Road.

“Kitchen” means any room or space designed to be used for cooking or for the preparation of food. Facilities that establish the use of a room or space as a kitchen include cooking appliances, such as ovens, ranges, cooktops, or ventilation hoods in combination with any of the following: cabinetry, refrigerators, dishwashers, or sinks.

-L-

“Land division” means the division or redivision of contiguous land(s) into tracts, parcels, sites or divisions, regardless of the proposed parcel or tract size or use. A “land division” includes, but is not limited to, short subdivision, and subdivisions and division by deed.

“Landscape setting” means the combination of land use, cultural features, landform patterns and features, vegetation patterns and waterforms which distinguish an area in appearance and character from other portions of the National Scenic Area.

“Legally established” means:

1. The landowner or developer obtained applicable land use and building permits and complied with land use regulations and other laws that were in effect at the time the use or structure was established, or that were in effect at the time the landowner or developer corrected an improperly established use or structure;

2. The use or structure was initially operated or constructed according to those applicable permits, land use regulations and other laws, or has been operated or constructed according to permits obtained to correct an improperly established use or structure; and

3. Any changes to the original use or structure must comply with all applicable permit requirements, land use regulations and other laws that were in effect at the time the change was established.

“Livestock feedlot” means stockyards and commercial livestock finishing yards for cattle, sheep, swine and fur bearers. “Feedlots” do not include winter pasture or winter hay feeding grounds.

“Lot line adjustments” means the relocation of one or more common boundary lines between two contiguous parcels that does not create additional parcels.

-M-

“Maintenance” means the ordinary upkeep or preservation of a serviceable structure affected by wear or natural elements. “Maintenance” does not change the original size, scope, configuration or design of a structure. “Maintenance” includes, but is not limited to, painting and refinishing, regrouting masonry, patching roofs, grading gravel roads and road shoulders, cleaning and armoring ditches and culverts, filling potholes, controlling vegetation within rights-of-way, removing trees and other roadside hazards within rights-of-way, and testing and treating utility poles.

“Management plan” means the comprehensive management plan adopted by the Gorge Commission on October 15, 1991, and any adopted revisions.

“Managerial setting” means the on-site controls (signs, regulations, or other regimentation) and types of facilities recreationists could expect when visiting recreation sites.

“Middleground” means one of three main visibility distance zones used to determine relative sensitivity of a development, structure, or use based on its distance from the viewer. “Middleground” is represented in the space between the foreground and background; specified as the area located from one-half mile up to four miles from the viewer.

“Minerals” includes soil, coal, clay, stone, sand, gravel, metallic ore, oil and gases and any other material or substance excavated for commercial, industrial or construction use.

“Mitigation” means the use of any or all of the following actions, in the following order of priority:

1. Avoiding the impact altogether by not taking a certain action or parts of an action;

2. Minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its implementation;

3. Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating or restoring the affected environment;

4. Reducing or eliminating the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations during the life of the action;

5. Offsetting impacts by creating or enhancing affected resources; or

6. Monitoring the result of mitigation actions and taking appropriate corrective action.

“Mosaic (SMA)” means the dispersal of overstory and understory leaf trees in irregularly spaced clumps of varying sizes throughout an irregularly shaped created forest opening.

“Multifamily dwelling” means a dwelling constructed or modified into two or more dwelling units.

-N-

“National Scenic Area” means the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.

“Native species” means species that naturally inhabit an area.

“Native vegetation” means plant species which are indigenous to the area in question.

“Natural grade” means the undisturbed elevation of the ground level of a property before any excavation or construction operations.

“Natural resource-based recreation (SMA)” means recreation activities, uses or facilities that essentially depend on the unique natural, scenic, or cultural resources found within the National Scenic Area. Campgrounds, trails, boating and windsurfing facilities, swimming beaches, picnic sites, viewpoints, interpretive parks, and similar outdoor recreation facilities are considered resource-based; whereas golf courses, tennis courts, and rental cabins are not.

“Natural resource specialist” means a person with professional qualifications, including an academic degree or sufficient professional experience, in the subject matter the specialist is being asked to analyze or evaluate.

“Natural resources” means wetlands, streams, ponds and lakes, riparian areas and wildlife habitat, rare plants, and natural areas.

“Nonprofit organization” means an organization whose nonprofit status has been approved by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.

“Not visually evident (SMA)” means one of the two scenic standards applicable within the National Scenic Area. A description of the relative visibility of a development, structure or use that provides for developments, structures or uses that are not visually noticeable to the casual visitor and the defining landscape characteristics appear intact. Deviations may be present but must repeat form, line, color, texture and pattern common to the natural landscape setting so completely and at such scale, proportion, intensity, direction, pattern, etc., that they would not be noticeable.

-O-

“Old growth (SMA)” means a forest stand usually at least one hundred eighty to two hundred twenty years old with moderate to high canopy closure; a multilayered, multispecies canopy dominated by large overstory trees; high incidence of large trees, some with broken tops and other indications of old and decaying wood (decadence); numerous large snags, and heavy accumulations of wood, including large logs on the ground.

“Open space” means unimproved lands not designated as agricultural lands or forest lands and designated as open space under the management plan. “Open spaces” include:

1. Scenic, cultural and historic areas;

2. Fish and wildlife habitat;

3. Lands which support plant species that are endemic to the National Scenic Area or which are listed as rare, threatened or endangered species pursuant to state or federal Endangered Species Acts;

4. Ecologically and scientifically significant natural areas;

5. Outstanding scenic views and sites;

6. Water resource zones;

7. Archaeological sites, Indian burial grounds and village sites, historic trails and roads and other areas which are culturally or historically significant;

8. Potential and existing recreation resources; and

9. Federal and state wild, scenic and recreation waterways.

Operational (SMA). For a new agricultural use, an agricultural use shall be deemed operational when the improvements and investments described in the stewardship plan are in place on the parcel.

“Ordinary high-water mark” means the mark on all streams, ponds and lakes that will be found by examining the bed and banks and ascertaining where the presence and action of waters are so common and usual, and so long continued in all ordinary years, as to mark upon the soil a vegetative character distinct from that of the abutting upland. In any area where the ordinary high-water mark cannot be found, the line of mean high water shall substitute.

“Other related major structure (SMA)” means a structure related to a dwelling on a parcel in the SMA that is less than forty acres in size, which is not incidental and subordinate to the main use of the property. A building or structure that satisfies the definition of “accessory building” is not an “other related major structure” or a “major development action.”

“Overnight accommodations (GMA)” means the rental of one of more rooms located in a legal single-family dwelling on a daily or weekly basis. Overnight accommodations are clearly incidental to the use of a structure as a single-family dwelling and are owner-operated.

“Overstory (SMA)” means, for forest practices, the tall or mature trees that rise above the shorter or immature understory trees.

-P-

“Parcel” means:

1. Any unit of land legally created by a short plat or subdivision, and that was legally recognized under all state laws and local ordinances in effect on November 17, 1986. A unit of land that is eligible for consolidation as provided in the management plan shall not be considered a parcel.

2. Any unit of land legally created and separately described by deed, sales contract, record of survey prior to November 17, 1986, if the unit of land complied with all planning, zoning and land division ordinances or regulations applicable at the time of creation and up through November 16, 1986.

3. A unit of land legally created and separately described by deed or sales contract after November 17, 1986, if the unit created was approved under the final interim provisions or a land use ordinance consistent with the management plan, or by the Forest Service prior to the final interim provisions.

4. A unit of land shall not be considered a separate parcel simply because the subject tract of land:

a. Is a unit of land created solely to establish a separate tax account;

b. Lies in different counties;

c. Lies in different sections or government lots;

d. Lies in different land use zones or management area classes; or

e. Is bisected by a public or private road or a railroad.

“Party/parties of record” means all persons, agencies or organizations who have submitted written comments in response to notice of application within the time line set out in this title, the applicant, or the property owner.

“Person” means an individual, partnership, corporation, association, organization, cooperative, public or municipal corporation, or any agency of a state, tribal, federal or local governmental unit, however designated.

“Physical settings” means the physical quality of the landscape at a recreation site, and how rustic recreation facilities may appear. “Physical setting” is distinct and not to be confused with landscape settings and landscape setting character descriptions.

“Practicable” means able to be done, considering technology and cost.

“Practicable alternative” means that an alternative to locating the activity or development within a water resource zone or other sensitive area exists, including that an alternative site for a proposed project is available, upon which the project may be developed after taking into consideration cost, technology, logistics and overall project purposes. A practicable alternative does not exist if a project applicant satisfactorily demonstrates that:

1. The basic purpose of the use reasonably cannot be accomplished using one or more other sites in the vicinity that would avoid or result in less adverse effects on water resources or other sensitive area;

2. The basic purpose of the use reasonably cannot be accomplished by reducing its size, scope, configuration or density as proposed, or by changing the design of the use in a way that would avoid or result in less adverse effects on water resources or other sensitive area; and

3. Reasonable attempts were made to remove or accommodate constraints that caused a project applicant to reject alternatives to the use as proposed. Such constraints include inadequate infrastructure, parcel size and land use designations. If a land use designation or recreation intensity class is a constraint, an applicant must request a management plan amendment to demonstrate that practicable alternatives do not exist.

“Preexisting” means existing prior to October 15, 1991, the date of adoption of the first Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area management plan.

“Previously disturbed” means an area of land where the natural surface has been graded, excavated, paved or graveled.

“Priority habitat” means areas that provide habitat for sensitive wildlife determined by the Forest Service or Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

“Production of mineral resources” means the use of portable crushing, on-site stockpiling, washing, milling, screening or sorting equipment or other similar methods of initial treatment of a mineral resource to transport to another site for use or further processing. Secondary processing facilities and activities, such as concrete or asphalt batch plants are considered industrial uses.

“Project area” means the geographic area or areas within which new development and uses may cause changes in the character or use of cultural resources, if any such resources exist.

“Public dock” means a dock constructed, maintained and operated by a federal, state, local or tribal government entity to provide public access to a body of water.

“Public use facility” means recreation development(s) which meet the definition of “recreation facility” and are open for use by the general public. Private clubs and other facilities limited to members or otherwise restricted in availability shall not be considered public use facilities.

-R-

“Rare plant species” means various categories of plants and plant communities cited in federal and state programs. Rare plants and rare plant ecosystems are:

1. Endemic to the Columbia River Gorge and vicinity;

2. Listed as endangered or threatened pursuant to federal or state Endangered Species Acts; or

3. Designated global or state status rank 1, 2, or 3 by the Washington Natural Heritage Program.

4. Additionally, in the SMA, rare plant species also include plant species recognized by the regional forester as needing special management to prevent them from being placed on federal or state endangered species lists.

“Rare wildlife species” means wildlife species that are:

1. Listed as endangered or threatened pursuant to federal or state Endangered Species Acts;

2. Listed as endangered, threatened, sensitive, or candidate by the Washington Wildlife Commission; or

3. Considered to be of special interest to wildlife management authorities and the public (great blue heron, osprey, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, and prairie falcon).

4. Additionally, in the SMA, rare wildlife species also include animal species recognized by the regional forester as needing special management to prevent them from being placed on federal or state endangered species lists.

“Recreation facility” means a cluster or grouping of recreational developments or improvements located in relatively close proximity to one another, and which are not separated in distance by more than one-quarter-mile of land not containing any such developments or improvements, except for roads and/or pathways.

“Recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS)” means a method of classifying areas in relation to the types of recreation opportunities and experiences they provide or for which they are appropriate. The spectrum ranges from primitive (wilderness areas) to urban (highly modified areas).

1. Primitive. Remote, inaccessible areas with a high degree of solitude and with resources essentially unmodified.

2. Semiprimitive. Areas accessible only by primitive transportation routes, with low to moderately infrequent human encounters and with only subtle modifications to the natural setting.

3. Roaded Natural. Roaded areas with moderately frequent human encounters and with resource modifications evident.

4. Rural. Roaded areas with moderate to highly frequent human encounters and with the natural setting dominated by cultural modifications.

5. Suburban. Areas representing the rural-urban interface, with urban-like roads, structures, highly frequent human encounters, and dominant resource modifications encroaching into the rural landscape.

6. Urban. Highly accessible, roaded areas dominated by human encounters and human-related structures.

“Recreation resort” means a master-planned development focused on accessing a range of resource-based recreational opportunities, consisting of predominately short-term visitor accommodations and supporting commercial uses.

“Recreation resources” means areas and facilities that provide recreation opportunities and experiences. “Recreation resources” includes semiprimitive areas with few facilities and developed sites.

“Recreation setting” means the tool for managing recreation development and opportunities based on the site’s social, physical, and managerial setting.

“Recreational or camping vehicle” means a vacation trailer, camper, self-propelled vehicle or structure equipped with wheels for highway use that is intended for recreational purposes, but not for residential purposes, and is equipped with plumbing, sink or toilet. A camping or recreational vehicle shall be considered a dwelling unit if it is connected to a sewer system (including septic tank), water and electrical lines or is occupied on the same parcel for more than sixty days in any consecutive twelve-month period.

“Reflective surface” means providing a reflection; capable of reflecting light or other radiation.

“Regularly maintained” means an area of land that has been previously disturbed and where periodic actions have been taken to:

1. Keep the area clear of vegetation (e.g., shoulders, utility yards);

2. Limit the height and type of vegetation (e.g., utility rights-of-way); and/or

3. Establish and retain nonnative vegetation (e.g., landscaped medians, rest area grounds).

“Rehabilitation” means a human activity that returns a wetland, stream, buffer or other sensitive area that was disturbed during construction of a permitted use to its natural or preconstruction condition.

“Remnant old forest (SMA)” means large trees in the overstory that are well into the mature growth state (older than one hundred eighty years).

“Repair” means replacement or reconstruction of a part of a serviceable structure after damage, decay or wear. A repair returns a structure to its original and previously authorized and undamaged condition. It does not change the original size, scope, configuration or design of a structure, nor does it excavate beyond the depth of the original structure. “Repair” includes, but is not limited to, reroofing a building, replacing damaged guardrails, reconstructing a rotten deck or porch, replacing a broken window or door, replacing a utility pole and associated anchors, replacing a section of broken water or sewer line, replacing a damaged or defective utility line, reconstructing a portion of a building damaged by fire or a natural event, and replacing railroad ties or rails.

“Resort core” means the portion of a recreation resort formerly occupied by the existing industrial complex.

“Resource-based recreation” means those recreation uses which are essentially dependent upon the natural, scenic or cultural resources of the National Scenic Area and which do not adversely affect those resources upon which they depend.

“Restoration” means a human activity that converts an area that was formerly a wetland back into a wetland. This definition presumes that the area to be restored no longer qualifies as a wetland because of past activities, alterations, or catastrophic events.

“Review uses” means proposed uses and developments that must be reviewed by the county to determine if the uses comply with the regulations of this title (i.e., an application must be submitted for review).

“Riparian area” means an area immediately adjacent to streams, ponds, lakes and wetlands that directly contributes to the water quality and habitat components of the water body. This may include areas that have high water tables and soils and vegetation that exhibit characteristics of wetness, as well as upland areas immediately adjacent to the water body that directly contribute shade, nutrients, cover or debris or that directly enhance water quality within the water body.

“Road” means the entire right-of-way of any public or private way that provides ingress to or egress from property by means of vehicles or other means or that provides travel between places by means of vehicles. “Road” includes, but is not limited to:

1. Ways described as streets, highways, throughways, or alleys;

2. Road-related structures that are in the right-of-way such as tunnels, culverts, or similar structures; and

3. Structures that provide for continuity of the right-of-way such as bridges.

-S-

“Scenery management system” means the overall framework for the orderly inventory, analysis, and management of scenery developed in coordination with the Forest Service.

“Scenic area” means the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.

“Scenic travel corridor” means those portions of Interstate 84, the Historic Columbia River Highway, Oregon Highway 35, and Washington State Routes 14, 141 and 142, located in the National Scenic Area and specifically designated to be managed as scenic and recreational travel routes.

“Service station” means a business operated for the purpose of retailing and delivering motor vehicle fuel into the fuel tanks of motor vehicles.

“Serviceable” means presently usable.

“Shall” means action is mandatory.

“Should” means action is encouraged.

“Shrub” means a woody plant usually greater than three feet but less than twenty feet tall that generally exhibits several erect, spreading or prostrate stems and has a bushy appearance. For this title, seedlings of woody plants that are less than three feet tall shall be considered part of the herbaceous layer.

“Sign” means any placard, poster, billboard, advertising structure or inscribed surface, pattern or artificial lighting, pictorial or symbolic ornament, emblematic structure, banner, fluttering apparatus, statue, model, ornamental figure or other visually communicative or expressive device that is visible from an out-of-doors position and is used to advertise to call the public’s attention to any public, business, commercial, industrial, recreational or other activity, object for sale or lease, person or place, or to bear any kind of message. It includes any surface on which a name, text, device, signal, ornament, logotype or advertising matter is made visible. The meaning of “sign” shall also include any sign currently in disuse, but still visible from an out-of-doors position, and any frame or support structure erected specifically to bear or uphold a sign.

“Significant cultural resource (SMA)” means a cultural resource that is included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of Historic Places. The criteria for evaluating the eligibility of properties for the National Register of Historic Places appears in the National Register criteria for evaluation (36 CFR 60).

“Single-family dwelling” means a detached building containing one dwelling unit and designed for occupancy by one family only.

“Skyline” means the line that represents the place at which a landform, such as a cliff, bluff or ridge, meets the sky, and is topographically visible from a specified vantage point, only a key viewing area. The skyline is formed where the surface of the earth meets the sky except in existing densely forested landscapes with thick, unbroken coniferous tree cover characteristic to its setting, where the skyline may be formed by the top of the vegetative canopy.

“Social settings” means identified opportunities for solitude as well as quantity and type of encounters visitors could experience when visiting a recreation site or area.

“Soil capability class” means a classification system developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service to group soils as to their capability for agricultural use.

“Special habitat area” means wetlands, mudflats, shallow water and riparian vegetation that have high values for waterfowl, shorebirds, raptors, songbirds, upland game and reptiles.

“Special stream” means streams that are primary water supplies for fish hatcheries and rearing ponds.

“Stand” means a group of trees possessing uniformity in regard to type, age, vigor or size.

“Story” means a single floor level of a structure as defined by the International Building Code or local building code and is typically no more than ten feet in height.

“Stream” means an area where surface water produces a defined channel or bed, including bedrock channels, gravel beds, sand and silt beds, springs, and defined-channel swales. The channel or bed does not have to contain water year-round. This definition is not meant to include irrigation ditches, canals, storm or surface-water runoff structures or other artificial watercourses, unless they are used to convey streams naturally occurring prior to construction in such watercourses.

1. “Perennial stream” means a stream that flows year-round during years of normal precipitation.

2. “Intermittent stream” means a stream that flows only part of the year, or seasonally, during years of normal precipitation.

3. “Ephemeral stream (SMA)” means any stream that contains flowing water only during, and for a short duration after, precipitation events.

“Structure” means that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner. This includes, but is not limited to, buildings, walls, fences, roads, parking lots, signs, patios, driveways and additions/alterations to structures including repaving or resurfacing roads, driveways and patios.

“Submit” means to deliver a document (e.g., land use application, written comment) to the administrator’s office by personal delivery, commercial delivery, mail, fax, or email. When a document must be submitted within a specified period, it must arrive at the administrator’s office by the close of business on the last day of the specified period.

“Subsurface testing” means any procedure that removes material from beneath the ground surface for the purpose of identifying cultural resources, such as shovel tests, post-hole digger tests and auger borings.

“Suitability” means the appropriateness of land for production of agricultural or forest products or for recreation, considering its capability for production, whether the land is committed to another use that does not allow for agricultural use, surrounding uses and features associated with development, compatibility with scenic, cultural, natural and recreation resources, compatibility among uses, and other factors, such as roads, powerlines, dwellings and size of ownership.

-T-

“Thinning (SMA)” means a forest practice intended to create favorable conditions for the continued growth of trees within an existing stand of trees. A thinning becomes a forest opening in coniferous forests when the average canopy closure of the overstory layer is zero or less than forty percent and the understory layer is less than sixty percent average canopy closure of trees averaging less than five inches diameter at breast height. A thinning becomes a forest opening in oak woodlands when the total average canopy closure is less than twenty-five percent.

“Topographic visibility” means areas that could be seen from a key viewing area if all vegetation were to be removed.

“Total canopy closure (SMA)” means for forest practices, the percentage measuring the degree to which all layers of the tree canopy combine together to block sunlight or obscure the sky as measured from below.

“Traditional foods” means natural and cultural resources that Native Americans rely on for sustenance, based on history, culture, and tradition.

“Trail characteristics” means a description of types of trail conditions that recreationalists should expect when visiting a recreation resource.

“Treatment (SMA)” means for forest practices, a site-specific operation that carries out the forest management objectives for an area.

“Treaty rights” means rights reserved by the Indian tribes through the Treaties of 1855. These include the right of fishing at all usual and accustomed places, as well as the privilege of pasturing livestock and hunting and gathering on open and unclaimed lands in common with the citizens of the states.

“Tribal government” means the governing bodies of the Nez Perce Tribe (Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee), the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (Board of Trustees), the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs (Tribal Council) and the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (Tribal Council).

“Tributary fish habitat” means streams that are used by anadromous or resident fish for spawning, rearing and/or migration.

-U-

“Understory (SMA)” means for forest practices, the shorter or immature trees below the tall or mature overstory trees.

“Undertaking” means any project, activity, program or development or change in land use that can result in changes in the character or use of a cultural resource, if any such cultural resources are located in the area of potential effects. For federal undertakings, the project, activity, or program must be under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a federal agency or licensed or assisted by a federal agency. Undertakings include new and continuing projects, activities or programs and any of their elements (36 CFR 800.16(y)).

“Unimproved lands” means lands that generally do not have developments such as buildings or structures.

“Unobtrusive” means a structure does not intrude or visually dominate the scene of a landscape and for which the introduced forms, lines, colors, textures, and patterns mimic the natural environment.

“Upland” means any area that does not qualify as a wetland because the associated hydrologic regime is not sufficiently wet to elicit development of vegetation, soils or hydrologic characteristics associated with wetlands.

“Uses allowed outright” means new uses and developments that may occur without being reviewed by the county to determine if the use is consistent with this title.

“Utility facility” means any structure which provides for the transmission or distribution of water, sewer, stormwater, fuel, electricity or communications.

-V-

“Vested rights” means the right to develop or continue to develop a use, development, or structure that was reviewed and approved pursuant to this title.

“Viewshed” means a landscape unit seen from a key viewing area.

“Visually subordinate” means a description of the relative visibility of a development, structure or use where that development, structure or use does not noticeably contrast with the defining landscape setting characteristics as viewed from a specified vantage point, generally a key viewing area and the setting appears only slightly altered (distinctive characteristics of that setting remain dominant.) As opposed to development, structures or uses that are fully screened, structures that are visually subordinate may be partially visible but would be difficult to discern to the common viewer. Visually subordinate development, structures or uses as well as forest practices in the SMAs shall repeat form, line, color, or texture common to the natural landscape, while changes in their qualities of scale, proportion, intensity, direction, pattern, etc., shall not dominate the natural landscape setting.

-W-

“Water-dependent uses” means uses that absolutely require, and cannot exist without, access or proximity to, or siting within, a water body to fulfill their basic purpose. “Water-dependent uses” include, but are not limited to, docks, wharfs, piers, dolphins, certain fish and wildlife structures, boat launch facilities and marinas. Dwellings, parking lots, spoil and dump sites, roads, restaurants, trails and paths, trailer parks, resorts and motels are not water-dependent.

“Water-related uses” means uses not directly dependent upon access to a water body, but whose presence facilitates public access to and enjoyment of a water body. In the GMA, water-related uses are limited to boardwalks, trails and paths, observation decks, and interpretative aids, such as kiosks and signs.

“Water resource” means a stream, pond, lake, riparian area or wetland.

“Water resource specialist” means a person with professional qualifications, including an academic degree or sufficient professional experience in the subject matter the specialist is being asked to analyze or evaluate.

“Water resource zone” means a stream, pond, lake, riparian area or wetland and its buffer.

“Wetlands” means areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and which under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands do not include riparian areas, rivers, streams or lakes.

“Wetlands functions” means the beneficial roles that wetlands serve, including storage, conveyance and attenuation of floodwaters and stormwaters; groundwater recharge and discharge; protection of water quality and reduction of sediment and erosion; production of waterfowl, game and nongame birds, mammals and other living resources; protection of habitat for endangered, threatened and sensitive species; food chain support for a broad range of wildlife and fisheries; educational, historical and archaeological value protection; and scenic, aesthetic and recreational amenities.

“Wine or cider sales and tasting room” means a facility that is accessory to a winery or cidery and used for tasting and retail sales of wine or cider, including interior space (e.g., wine bar, sitting room) and exterior space (e.g., patio, veranda). A wine or cider sales and tasting room shall not be used for preparing or serving meals or hosting weddings, receptions, or other commercial events, unless allowed, reviewed, and approved under Section 22.12.030. A wine or cider sales and tasting room is distinct from a winery or cidery; each of these uses must be explicitly reviewed and approved.

“Winery” or “cidery” means an agricultural building used for processing fruit into wine or cider, including laboratories, processing area, offices, and storage areas. A winery or cidery is distinct from a wine or cider sales and tasting room; each of these uses must be explicitly reviewed and approved.

“Woody plant” means a seed plant (gymnosperm or angiosperm) that develops persistent, hard, fibrous tissues. (Ord. 2021-05 (Att. A), 12-14-21; Ord. 2018-04 (Exh. A), 4-17-18; Ord. 2008-06 (part): Ord. 2007-02 (part); Ord. 2006-11 (part): Ord. 2005-07 (part))