Chapter 12.52
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STREETS
Sections:
12.52.020 General requirements.
12.52.030 General design principles for new streets.
12.52.040 Design requirements – New and reconstructed streets.
12.52.050 Storm water management.
12.52.070 Connections to existing utilities.
12.52.010 Scope.
The purpose of this chapter is to present criteria for the design of streets. It is to be used by developers and their engineers in the design of public and private streets for which approval by the city engineer is required. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)
12.52.020 General requirements.
A. Minimum Standards. The provisions stipulated in this section are required minimum standards and shall be considered applicable to all parts of these specifications including any supplements and revisions. All construction within the public right-of-way shall be designed by or under the direct supervision of a registered professional engineer licensed to practice in the state of Washington. All drawings and support data submitted to the city for approval must bear his/her seal. The signature of the registered professional engineer will only be required on the approved final plans.
The design criteria, as presented, are intended to aid in preparation of plans and specifications and include minimum standards where applicable. These design criteria are considered minimum and a complete design will usually require more than is presented in this document. As with any design criteria, occasions may arise where the minimum standards are either inappropriate or cannot be justified economically and an equal but alternative solution may be proposed. A written request for each alternative shall be directed to the city engineer and shall conform to criteria in EWMC 12.50.100, Alternatives.
B. Application to Private Streets. Although community street requirements are usually best served by public streets owned and maintained by the city, private streets may be appropriate for some local access streets for either residential or commercial/industrial property. These standards apply to private streets as part of the city’s responsibility to ensure adequate access for normal and emergency vehicle use to individual parcels throughout the city.
Private streets are permitted only when all of the following conditions are met:
1. Permanently established by tract or easement providing legal access to each affected lot, dwelling unit, or business and sufficient to accommodate required improvements, to include provision for future use by adjacent property owners when applicable.
2. Constructed to East Wenatchee street standards as set forth herein.
3. Accessible at all times for emergency and public service vehicle use.
4. Not obstructing, or part of, the present or future public neighborhood circulation or arterial plan developed in processes such as the Greater East Wenatchee Area comprehensive plan, or capital improvement plan.
5. Designed for an average daily traffic count (AADT) of 160 or less vehicles per day utilizing current ITE guidelines. New private streets directly accessing a city street that will generate more than 160 AADT will be permitted only by approval of the hearing examiner and will be required to meet the appropriate city street standards contained herein (see Figures 3-7a through 3-8). There is no maximum AADT provision if a new development is served by an extension of, or spur off, an existing private street; however, should such existing private street be less than the standards considering the current and proposed AADT, the new development may be denied unless a lower level of improvement has been approved by the city hearing examiner upon recommendation by the city engineer or the applicant assumes responsibility for bringing the existing private street serving the new development up to these standards.
6. Maintained in accordance with these standards by a capable and legally responsible owner, homeowner’s association or other legal entity made up of all benefited property owners. A written street maintenance agreement addressing the rights and responsibilities of all benefited property owners shall be approved by the city prior to final approval of the land development. Said street maintenance agreement shall be recorded with the city and shall become a covenant with the affected properties. The term “benefited property owners” shall include the owners of record of all properties with frontage, including access rights, on the private street or otherwise have legal access, whether constructed or not, to the private street.
7. Clearly described as a private street not maintained by the city on the face of the plat, short plat or other development authorization.
8. Clearly signed at the street location as a private street. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)
12.52.030 General design principles for new streets.
A. Street Network Circulation. The importance of good street network circulation for the health, welfare and safety of the public cannot be overemphasized. Poor circulation adds unnecessary miles to pedestrian and trail systems, school bus routes, mail delivery and other service deliveries, utility services and, most importantly, emergency services such as police and fire. Through good street network circulation, the public will have better emergency access and police and fire safety will be enhanced.
1. Plans will be reviewed for the provision of the best possible street and pedestrian network circulation and for conformance with any adopted comprehensive plan. The street alignment may necessitate realignment in order to foster the long-range transportation objectives of the city. This includes greater scrutiny to provide continuity of pedestrian and other trail systems related to the proposed street network. The inclusion of permanent cul-de-sacs is strongly discouraged as they inhibit street and pedestrian network circulation (see EWMC 12.52.040(L) for specific requirements) and are not consistent with the city comprehensive plan.
2. To facilitate the best possible street and pedestrian network circulation, if it is determined by the city engineer, after making an individualized determination, that the layout of streets is to provide for the continuation of existing streets in adjoining subdivisions, then the streets shall be constructed prior to final plat approval. When adjoining property is not subdivided, the city engineer shall determine whether streets in the proposed plat are to provide access to such unplatted property. The location for access to unplatted property shall be placed such that the objectives in these standards can be achieved. Reserve easement strips may be required to prevent unauthorized access until such time as the connecting streets are constructed.
3. If the streets are to remain private, the above still applies, except a separate tract or easement will be shown on the final plat map and they will not be dedicated to the public. Specific information in the recorded covenants regarding the use of this easement will be required.
4. Unless otherwise approved, all lots within major subdivisions shall be accessed by means of an internal street network. This network may be public or private but not a mixture of both. Access easements or multi-dwelling driveways in lieu of public or private streets shall not be permitted.
B. On-Site Principles. An integral part of an overall traffic study relates to basic site planning principles. An integrated on-site street system should deliver vehicles from the external street system in a manner easily understood by typical drivers and that maximizes efficiency, accommodates anticipated traffic patterns and ensures public safety.
1. Alignment. Connecting street centerlines deflecting from each other more than 10 degrees shall be connected by a curve the radius of which shall be approved by the city engineer. Street intersections shall be as nearly at right angles as is practicable, and street jogs having offsets of less than 125 feet shall be avoided.
2. Internal Vehicular Circulation. Internal circulation is the means by which vehicular traffic is delivered between entry points and parking areas, pick-up/drop-off points, and service areas, and should be planned to accommodate appropriate future traffic volumes.
3. Subdivision Boundary Streets. A street lying along the boundary of a subdivision may be dedicated with less than the width required by these standards if it is practicable to require the dedication of the remaining portion of such width when the adjoining property is subdivided. In such case there is required a reserve easement strip one foot wide along such street for the purpose of withholding access to the unsubdivided property from such street until a street is constructed to the full width required. The procedure shall also apply in the case of any street that dead-ends at the boundary of a subdivision.
4. Access Points. Streets and lots shall be laid out to provide individual lot access onto an internal street system, hence via the internal street system to the existing public street system. Direct access to a perimeter street shall normally be denied except for direct access onto a designated local access street.
5. Parking. Parking shall be provided to meet site-generated demands and be consistent with EWMC Title 17 and other planning department policies.
6. Vehicular Queuing and Storage.
a. Access drives should provide adequate vehicular exit queuing.
b. Parking areas and access points of small developments should be designed so vehicles waiting to exit are aligned perpendicular to the off-site street system.
c. Queuing areas of large developments should be sufficient so vehicles queued at exits do not block internal circulation. Exits shall be signalized if warranted by the MUTCD at build out.
d. Documentation shall be provided to verify queue lengths for signalized intersections, on-site queuing reservoirs, and off-site left and right-turn lanes.
7. Building Service Drives. Building service drives are streets adjacent to a building and its entrances, and should be designed with sufficient width to serve as one or all of the following:
a. Fire and/or emergency vehicle access.
b. Pedestrian pick-up/drop-off points. Pedestrian crossings and pick-up/drop-off points should be signed and striped to identify the vehicular/pedestrian conflict.
c. Internal circulation.
d. Recirculation in parking areas. Recirculation aisles shall have sufficient turning radii, clearances, sight distances and signing.
e. Transit passenger pick-up/drop off areas.
8. Pedestrian, Bus, Bicycle, and Disabled Access Facilities. The overall site plans must consider pedestrians, bus, bicycle, and disabled access facilities.
a. Pedestrian Facilities. Pedestrian connections between public transportation facilities and site buildings shall be integrated into the overall project design. Pedestrian facilities shall be designed to reduce the motor vehicle use for trips within the development and between nearby developments.
b. Transit Facilities. Appropriate public transportation facilities, such as passenger shelters, ride sharing areas and bus staging areas shall be accommodated adjacent to service drive and entrance areas; at key locations along circulation drives; and at major pedestrian focal points along the external street system as determined by the city and Link Transit.
c. Bicycle Facilities. Facilities for parking bicycles should be provided where bicycle use is expected. Refer to EWMC 17.72.020.
d. Disabled Access Facilities. Access for disabled persons shall be provided in accordance with federal, state and city requirements.
9. Service and Delivery Vehicles. Service and delivery vehicles require separate criteria for movement to and from the site:
a. Vehicle turning paths shall be sufficient to accommodate the largest vehicles anticipated, a minimum single unit truck (SU).
b. Service vehicle access points shall have turning paths sufficient to allow service vehicles to enter and exit the site without encroaching upon opposing lanes or curbed areas.
c. External and internal streets shall have sufficient separation for large vehicles to be queued on entry or exit without blocking access to parking spaces or internal streets.
C. Fitting the Street into the Environment. When land development requires the construction of new streets, there are opportunities to “fit” the street into the existing landscape and environment in ways that are more pleasing to the eye than just simple straight lines.
The principles set forth in this section stress the importance of protecting, conserving, and enhancing the scenic qualities of a city street. They are also consistent with good engineering and the necessity to provide a street which is safe to travel and economical to construct and maintain. Unless conditioned by “shall,” these principles are not regulatory but are advisory only to provide guidance to developers.
1. Relating Alignment to the Landscape. A unique visual quality of most city streets is the harmonious relationship their alignments have with the landscape. Increased volumes of traffic, poor sight distance, or other operational conditions may often necessitate modification of an existing alignment. If such a change is necessary, the street geometry usually must become more precise and directional. However, a new alignment should not be considered a straight line connecting two points. Rather, it should seek the same qualities of existing alignments by reinforcing and revealing the features of the landscape. The following guidelines will be useful for relating new alignments with the landscape:
a. Choose an alignment that blends with the terrain and adjusts to important scenic features.
b. In most instances, the appropriate alignment will be characterized by curves that continually adjust to the rolling topography of natural landform. A curvilinear alignment is visually and functionally preferable to long tangents that cut through hillsides, leaving steep unsightly and unstable embankments.
c. Where the land is level, or a strong lineal direction is created by landscape elements, such as a long row of trees or the patterns of fields, the use of a long tangent may be justified. When using a long tangent, try to direct it toward a natural or manmade focal point.
d. When climbing a hillside, the street should bend to the crest, traversing the contours, rather than climbing it straight on. However, care must be taken to avoid hiding a curve or driveway just beyond the brow of a hill.
e. When crossing a ridge, pick a saddle or low area in the top to locate the street.
f. Natural and manmade features provide variety and contrast which maintain the traveler’s interest. Whenever possible, alignments should be located to bring the more interesting features into view.
g. Near the edges of surface water, woods, or a break in topography, use alignments that echo or emphasize the shape of the edges. However, avoid moving streets close to the water’s edge as it destroys habitat.
h. When approaching important features, it is preferable to allow a distant view of the object, curve the alignment away, and then bring it close for a contrasting view.
A street which blends with the form and pattern of the landscape is also desirable from the standpoint of construction and maintenance. Some of the advantages to be gained are reduction of cut and fill quantities, more efficient utilization of natural drainage, and better control of roadside erosion because natural vegetation is preserved.
2. Combining Horizontal and Vertical Alignment. The combination of horizontal and vertical alignments closely influences the appearance and safety of a street. When alignments are properly coordinated, a street will be visually pleasing and safer to travel. Alignment coordination primarily applies to major streets, but the basic principles should also be recognized as important considerations when altering minor streets. Set forth below is a partial list of suggestions to guide the combination of horizontal and vertical alignments:
a. Consistency in the scale of horizontal and vertical elements should be maintained whenever possible. Small dips and humps should be avoided in what is actually a uniform grade, and “kinks” should be avoided in what is actually a long curve.
b. The beginning and ending of horizontal and vertical alignments should not occur in the same location. The beginning of a horizontal curve should generally occur before beginning a vertical curve and be somewhat longer in length. This provides a gradual transition between the alignments and prevents one from accentuating the other.
c. The beginning of a horizontal curve should not coincide with the top of a hill. This situation is visually deceptive and hazardous, as the quick change in horizontal alignment cannot be seen by the driver.
d. Avoid dips in vertical alignment before beginning a horizontal curve. This will prevent the street from appearing disjointed.
e. Avoid “broken back” curves (two horizontal curves in the same direction with a short tangent in-between), compound curves or reverse curves except for local access streets with a design speed of 25 MPH.
f. When an extremely long grade is necessary, it may be better to adjust the vertical alignment so the grade is steeper near the bottom of the hill and gradually lessens as it approaches the crest of the hill. Another alternative is to create an alignment with intervals of lesser grades.
g. Sight distance requirements vary with the anticipated speed of vehicles. Adequate sight distance must be provided. This should be checked at all horizontal curves and crest vertical curves.
3. Cross-Section. The small scale of cross-section elements is an important characteristic adding to the scenic quality of a city street. This aspect is most apparent in the width of the traveling surface, its adjacent shoulders, and the close proximity of the roadside. Where traffic volumes are low, speeds are slow, and meeting and passing of vehicles is infrequent, a narrow cross-section may be appropriate.
Modifications which require widening of the street will alter the existing scale of the city street and consequently its visual impact on the motorist and adjacent properties. The following considerations should guide the determination of an appropriate cross-section:
a. Appropriate widths should be determined by the function the street serves as part of the city street system, operational requirements for safe vehicular movement, and the characteristics of topography and other physical features (check results of planning considerations). In most cases, the minimum cross-section, based on location, functional class and traffic volume is shown in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010.
b. Consider all elements of the cross-section (traveling surface, shoulders, ditches, proper grading to stabilize cut and fill slopes, slope rounding, etc.).
4. Roadside Slopes. Proper molding of roadside slopes is essential during the grading operation. Slopes which do provide a smooth visual transition from the street to existing land forms have a pleasing appearance. Slopes shaped in this manner are also required for effective erosion control, adequate drainage, and reduced maintenance. Some general guidelines to follow when grading the roadside are set forth below:
a. Where the topography is flat to rolling and the landscape is open, slopes which are flattened and well-rounded are appropriate. Flattening of slopes to 4:1 (four horizontal to one vertical) should be carried out.
b. Where the topography is steep, uneven, and wooded, roadside slopes with grades of 2:1 or 3:1 should be favored to save roadside vegetation. However, check to make sure the slope is flat enough to be stable.
c. Vary the steepness of roadside slopes to save vegetation and other landscape features.
d. On areas of extreme cut, which may require easements or more right-of-way, the use of small benches, stepped down a steep slope, will slow water runoff and provide excellent locations where vegetation can quickly take hold. It is important to maintain a slight downhill pitch on these benches to provide adequate drainage.
e. On fill slopes of extreme length, larger benches can be formed to fulfill the same functions as above.
f. All slopes should be well-rounded to form a smooth transition from the shoulder edge to the existing grades. Deep ditches with well-defined bottoms are required where drainage or soils are poor. Rounded or shallow ditches are acceptable when there is little drainage and the soil is free draining.
g. All slopes should be warped by flattening the ends of cut and fill areas. This will avoid sharp breaks between new and existing grades and result in natural looking slopes that will more effectively support vegetation.
h. When grading the street, avoid disturbing important roadside vegetation and the creation of deep cuts that expose tree roots and leave steep banks that are susceptible to erosion and difficult to maintain.
5. Ditches. Ditches provide an important function in sustaining quality streets by providing adequate storm and subgrade groundwater drainage. Excessively deep or wide ditches can severely impact vegetation and the feel of a street or safety. Several issues to consider when selecting a ditch section follows:
a. Slopes from the street to the ditch bottom shall be at least 4:1 or greater. The shallower pitches will allow for some vehicle recovery and less potential of a vehicle overturning on higher speed streets.
b. Ditches must be deeper than the subgrade to allow drainage of street base and surfacing courses.
c. Where ditch construction may impact significant roadside features, short sections of culvert, curtain drains or shallow or no ditches at all should be considered, subject to approval by the city engineer.
d. Ditches must be constructed to adequately carry the anticipated water flow.
e. Biofiltration (or water quality) swales and grass buffer strips are encouraged at all locations where the street gradient makes them a practical alternative to regular street ditches. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)
12.52.040 Design requirements – New and reconstructed streets.
The following minimum design standards shall apply to all new and reconstructed streets. Exhibits showing the basic cross-section requirements for the various street classifications are shown in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010.
A. Street Base and Surfacing Requirements. The following street surfacing requirements shall apply to all new and reconstructed streets.
1. Surfacing. The minimum street surfacing requirements for various traffic volumes and locations are shown in Table 12.52.040-1.
|
Location |
Figure |
Traffic Volume (AADT) |
Street Surface Type |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Urban – Private |
3-7a, 3-7b, 3-8 |
All |
ACP/HMA or PCC |
|
Urban – Public |
3-7a, 3-7b, 3-8 |
All |
ACP/HMA or PCC |
2. Structural Sections – Public Streets.
a. Design Procedure. A street section structural design procedure shall be performed for all new and reconstructed public streets. The design life for all streets shall be 20 years with a growth factor as determined by the city engineer. The design procedure shall be approved by the city engineer and shall consider the following design elements:
i. Design load: HS 20-44.
ii. Total design life traffic loading: an estimate of the number and types of loadings the street will carry for the design life. This estimate of loading shall be determined using a procedure accepted by the city engineer and be expressed in 18-kip equivalent single axle loads (ESALs).
iii. Subgrade support: one or more representative values for the stiffness of the native material on which the street will be built. These values shall be established by a procedure accepted by the city engineer and be expressed as resilient modulus.
iv. Analysis: a procedure for establishing the street structural section for a given traffic loading and resilient modulus. This procedure shall be approved by the city engineer.
b. Construction Requirements. All structural sections including surfacing shall use materials meeting the specifications of and be constructed in accordance with the WSDOT Standard Specifications. Minimum compaction requirements shall be 91 percent for hot mix asphalt (asphalt concrete pavement) and 95 percent for crushed surfacing and base courses. See Chapter 12.56 EWMC for details and further guidance.
3. Structural Section – Private Streets. Private streets with a projected AADT under 160 do not require street section structural design; however, the requirement for minimum thickness will apply. Private streets with a projected AADT under 160 that are constructed without a street structural design will not be eligible for future inclusion into the city street system without further structural analysis as may be directed by the city engineer.
4. Minimum Thickness.
a. In all cases, the minimum street structural section shall be as shown on Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010.
b. Many areas of East Wenatchee have soils excessively susceptible to frost heave. The applicant or applicant’s engineer shall consult with the city engineer’s office as to those locations with known frost heave problems or with soils likely to generate excessive frost heave. These locations may require additional base thickness.
B. Design Speed. Design speeds for streets shall be as shown in Table 12.52.040-2:
|
|
Terrain – Design Speed in MPH |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Location/AADT |
Figure |
Flat |
Rolling |
Mountain |
|
Urban – Private1 |
3-7 |
25 |
25 |
20 |
|
Urban – Local Access |
3-7 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
|
Urban – Collector |
3-8 |
35 |
30 |
25 |
|
Urban – Arterial |
3-8 |
45 |
45 |
45 |
|
1Private urban shall meet the urban local access standard. |
||||
See EWMC 12.51.020(E) for terrain definitions.
C. Right-of-Way. The basic minimum rights-of-way for all streets are shown in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010. Additional right-of-way shall be required to accommodate other street features such as additional lanes, planter strips and transit stops. Construction and maintenance easements may be allowed for cut and fill slopes.
D. Lane, Shoulder and Street Width. Basic lane, shoulder and total street and surfacing minimum width requirements are shown in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010. Minimum widths are based on a combination of street classification and traffic volume (AADT).
Urban street sections (Figures 3-7a and 3-7b in EWMC 12.60.010) assume parking on both sides. Applicants proposing utilization of no parking and parking one side alternates shall propose the alternate section to the city engineer for review in accordance with EWMC 12.50.100.
Urban collectors and arterial sections (Figure 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010) do not include provisions to accommodate parking.
Where truck traffic exceeds 15 percent of the projected AADT, 12-foot lanes will be required for all street classifications.
E. Ditch Slopes. The slope from edge of shoulder to bottom of ditch shall be 4:1 for all ditch street sections. See EWMC 12.57.020 for cut and fill slope requirements.
F. Sight Distance. All new streets shall be designed to achieve the following sight distances:
1. Stopping sight distance: AASHTO Green Book, current edition.
2. Intersection sight distance: WSDOT Design Manual M22-10, Chapter 910.10, “Intersections at Grade – Sight Distance at Intersections” or current edition.
3. Additionally, all arterials and collectors, with passing lanes, shall address passing sight distance: AASHTO Green Book, current edition.
G. Superelevation. Superelevation shall normally be applied to all new or reconstructed streets. The maximum superelevation for streets with a design speed of 35 MPH or greater shall not exceed six percent and for streets with a design speed under 35 MPH shall not exceed four percent; provided, however, that the combination of superelevation and street gradient shall not exceed 12 percent at any point on the street surface.
H. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature). The minimum curve radius for all new or reconstructed higher speed urban streets shall not be less than the rounded radius values in the AASHTO Green Book, current edition using a maximum superelevation rate of six percent for design speeds of 35 MPH or greater and a maximum superelevation rate of four percent for design speeds under 35 MPH.
Low speed urban streets (design speed of 30 MPH or less) may use the minimum curve radii as set forth in the AASHTO Green Book, current edition, based on a maximum superelevation rate of four percent. Lesser curve radii may be used only with the permission of the city engineer.
I. Vertical Alignment.
1. Maximum Grades. The maximum and minimum grades for each street classification are shown in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010.
a. Vertical curves.
b. Sag vertical curves shall be designed in accordance with the AASHTO Green Book, “Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves – Open Street Conditions,” and “Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves.”
c. Crest vertical curves shall be designed in accordance with the AASHTO Green Book, “Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves – Open Street Conditions,” “Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest Vertical Curves,” and “Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance.”
J. Vertical Clearance. The minimum vertical clearance for all streets under structures such as overpasses shall be 16.5 feet.
K. Design Vehicle. The physical characteristics of vehicles and the proportions of various sized vehicles using the street system are positive controls in geometric design. For street design purposes, three general classes of vehicles have been selected – passenger cars, trucks and buses/recreational vehicles. The passenger car class includes compacts and subcompacts plus all light vehicles and light delivery trucks (vans and pickups). The truck class includes single-unit trucks, truck tractor-semitrailer combinations, and trucks or truck tractors with semitrailers in combination with full trailers. Buses/recreational vehicles include single-unit buses, articulated buses, school buses, motor homes, and passenger cars or motor homes pulling trailers or boats. In addition, where provision is made for bicycles on a street, the bicycle should also be considered a design vehicle.
The dimensions for the 15 design vehicles representing vehicles within these general classes are provided in the AASHTO Green Book. In the design of any street facility, the largest design vehicle likely to use that facility with considerable frequency or a design vehicle with special characteristics that must be taken into account in dimensioning the facility is used to determine the design of such critical features as radii at intersections and radii of turning streets.
Unless unusual sized vehicles must be accommodated, the typical design vehicle used for design of streets shall be of the following classes:
|
Street Class |
Design Vehicles1 |
|---|---|
|
Urban Arterials |
Large School Bus (S-BUS40)/ Intermediate Semitrailer (WB-50) |
|
Urban Collectors |
Large School Bus (S-BUS40)/ Single Unit Truck (SU) |
|
Urban Local Access |
Large School Bus (S-BUS40)/ Single Unit Truck (SU) |
|
Private |
Single Unit Truck (SU)/ Passenger Car (P) |
|
1Refer to AASHTO Green Book for specific design data. |
|
L. Cul-De-Sacs and Dead-End Streets.
1. Permanent cul-de-sacs and dead-end streets are not normally permitted within new developments. Permanent cul-de-sacs will only be permitted where the applicant can:
a. Demonstrate that his/her design does provide an acceptable level of network circulation considering the terrain and adjacent existing street network; and
b. Demonstrate that the prohibition of cul-de-sacs will place an unreasonable economic impact on the applicant.
2. Where a permanent cul-de-sac or dead-end street is permitted in accordance with the provisions noted above, the following requirements shall apply:
a. Permanent street ends of 150 feet or less in length (measured from the edge of traveled way of the intersecting street to the end of the street) shall have a minimum right-of-way and street section as specified in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010 and do not require an access easement turnaround.
b. Permanent street ends between 150 and 600 (measured from the edge of traveled way of the intersecting street to the beginning of the cul-de-sac) shall have a minimum right-of-way and street section as specified in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010 and be provided with a cul-de-sac as shown in Figure 3-9 in EWMC 12.60.010.
c. Permanent street ends in excess of 600 feet are discouraged but may be allowed in cases where lots are large and/or difficult terrain exists, provided the number of single-family lots served by the street does not exceed 20 or the projected AADT generated from the properties served by the street does not exceed 200. The street shall have a minimum right-of-way and street section as specified in Figures 3-7a through 3-8 in EWMC 12.60.010 and be provided with a cul-de-sac as shown in Figure 3-9 in EWMC 12.60.010.
d. The maximum gradient in any direction and at any point within a cul-de-sac shall not exceed four percent.
M. Intersections. All intersections shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 9, “Intersections,” in the AASHTO Green Book or Chapter 910, “Intersections at Grade,” in the current edition of the WSDOT Design Manual M22-01, which requires plus four percent for 50 feet. All intersections with a state highway shall require approval from the WSDOT.
Corner lots, located at street intersections, shall be rounded with a minimum 20-foot radius adjacent to streets with 60-foot or more rights-of-way and 25-foot radius adjacent to streets with less than 60-foot rights-of-way.
N. Boundary (Half) Streets. Boundary or half streets may be permitted to be dedicated with less than the width required by these standards if the city determines that it is practicable to require the remaining portion of such width when the adjoining property is subdivided. Boundary or half streets with widths less than those required by these standards are not allowed adjacent to public parkland or properties owned by public school districts.
O. Transit Stops and Pull-Outs. Property owners and/or developers of proposed developments or other types of land uses located within the Link Transit service area and which generate 200 average daily or 20-peak-hour vehicle trips, as determined by the city engineer, shall negotiate with the public transit authority the improvements that would enhance the area for public transit. Improvements may include bus shelters, pull-outs, transit stops, and/or other necessary facilities to offset transportation system impacts of the development and shall be analyzed as part of a traffic impact analysis prepared in accordance with Chapter 12.59 EWMC.
P. Curb and Gutter.
1. Cement concrete curb and gutter shall be utilized for street edges under the following conditions.
a. In areas where urban street standards are to be used.
b. On frontages with commercial usage.
2. Rolled edge, thickened edge or mountable curbs are not permitted as a substitute for curbs and gutters except on private streets and may only be used when approved by the city engineer.
3. On all sections constructed with curb and gutter a closed drainage system consisting of catch basins, storm sewer pipes and manholes shall be required unless alternative and appropriately designed methods of collecting and dispersing storm water such as bioinfiltration swales and drywells are provided.
4. Curb and gutter shall be constructed in accordance with WSDOT Standard Plans.
Q. Sidewalks.
1. Sidewalks shall be provided on both sides of all arterials, collectors, local access streets and commercial streets in the city. Sidewalks shall be required on only one side of the street on all perimeter arterial and major and minor collectors or half streets of a development being constructed under urban standards.
2. Alternatives to requirements noted above for sidewalks on all streets may be approved under the provisions of EWMC 12.50.100. Typical conditions that may warrant approval of an alternative or waiver of the requirements include existing streets where it would be unduly difficult or impractical to construct sidewalks due to grade or steep slope problems or in developments where the basic design allows for an off-street walkway system; provided, that said walkway is an improved surface and provision for maintenance is guaranteed.
3. Sidewalks shall be constructed with portland cement concrete. Sidewalks shall be at least five feet in width and four inches in thickness for urban local access streets. Urban collector and urban arterial sidewalks shall be at least six feet in width. When adjacent to school property and in commercial areas, the sidewalks shall be at least eight feet in width. Sidewalk configurations shall be in accordance with the WSDOT Design Manual and the WSDOT Standard Plans except for sidewalk width. All sidewalk ramps and features shall be ADA compliant. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)
12.52.050 Storm water management.
A. All project submittals shall be in compliance with the provisions of EWMC Title 13, Surface and Storm Water Management. In addition, all drainage facilities within current or future city right-of-way must be of the type and nature that can be easily maintained by the city. This typically includes as a minimum 12-inch diameter storm sewer pipe and standard catch basins and manholes for curb and gutter street sections. All other facilities such as French drains, curtain drains, drywells and storm water detention ponds shall be installed outside the city’s right-of-way and be maintained by the applicant or homeowner’s association. See also EWMC 12.55.050(J), Standard Plan Notes, for catch basin and grate requirements.
B. All cross culverts and ditch channelizations shall be first evaluated for the presence of fish and, should it be determined by the city that the culvert or channelization be designed to accommodate fish passage including stream bed and/or stream bank enhancement, the culvert or channelization shall be constructed to meet current Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife standards.
C. Storm water facilities shall also be designed to accommodate the storm water from the addition of frontage improvements including tributary area. In locations where future development is expected at a higher elevation and adjacent to the proposed development, the storm sewer pipe shall be extended and deadheaded at the development property line to ease future system connection.
D. Projects requesting storm water management fee credit from the city for the storm water facilities as provided for in Chapter 13.10 EWMC, Surface and Storm Water Management Utility Code, shall be required to provide the city with a project engineer’s certification of the facilities prior to release of the financial security. The financial security shall not be released until all facilities are completed and repaired as per the approved plans.
E. The maximum spacing on surface drainage courses between inlets or catch basins shall normally be 150 feet on street grades less than one percent and 200 feet on grades from one percent to three percent. When the street grade is greater than three percent, the maximum spacing shall be 300 feet. Additional catch basins may be required to confine drainage to the gutter and prevent street drainage from sheet flowing across streets or intersections. The applicant shall locate any additional catch basins or make other drainage system improvements to ensure that any street drainage does not encroach more than one-half the traveled way lane width nor exceed one-half the curb height during a rainfall design event of two inches in 90 minutes. Maximum spacing on main storm sewers between access structures, whether catch basins or manholes, shall be 300 feet.
F. All materials used shall conform to the requirements of the standard specifications. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)
12.52.060 New utilities.
A. Location of Utilities – Underground.
1. Underground utilities to be installed within the right-of-way on new streets (or on streets where existing topography, utilities or storm drains are not in conflict) shall be located as shown in Figures 3-10 and 3-11 in EWMC 12.60.010. Where existing utilities or storm drains are in place, new utilities shall conform to these standards as nearly as practicable and yet be compatible with the existing installations. Utilities to be installed outside the street right-of-way shall be installed within a designated utility easement and shall meet the installation requirements of the utility.
2. Gravity systems, whether sanitary or storm drainage, shall have precedence over other systems in planning and installation except where a nongravity system has already been installed under previous approved permit and subject to applicable provisions of such permits or franchises.
3. Individual water service lines shall:
a. Be placed with minimum 36-inch cover from finished grade, ditch bottom or natural ground.
b. Use street right-of-way only as necessary to make side connections.
c. For any one connection, not extend more than 60 feet along or through the right-of-way, or the minimum width of the existing right-of-way.
d. Water meter boxes, when placed or re-placed, shall be located on the right-of-way line immediately adjacent to the property being served, unless otherwise approved by the city engineer. Meter box locations within the right-of-way may be approved by the city engineer based on site conditions that make routine service access difficult or impractical.
4. Sanitary Sewers.
a. In the case of individual sanitary sewer service lines which are force mains, the pipe shall:
i. Be minimum two inches I.D., or as required by the utility to maintain internal scouring velocity.
ii. If nonmetallic, contain wire or other acceptable proximity detection features; or be placed in a cast iron or other acceptable metal casing.
iii. Be placed with minimum three-foot cover from finished grade, ditch bottom or natural ground, within 10 degrees of perpendicular to street centerline, and extend to right-of-way line.
b. Sanitary and water lines shall be separated in accordance with good engineering practice such as the Criteria for Sewage Work Design, Washington Department of Ecology, latest edition.
5. Service Connections – All. Mains and service connections to all lots shall be completed prior to placing of surface materials.
6. Materials and Installation – All. All underground utilities shall utilize materials and be installed in conformance with the requirements of the particular utility standards.
B. Location of Utilities – Above Ground.
1. All poles, transformer cases, and other above ground utility appurtenances shall be located to avoid becoming a streetside obstacle. See EWMC 12.57.080 for further guidance.
2. Above ground utilities located within intersections shall be placed so as to avoid conflict with placement of curb ramps. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)
12.52.070 Connections to existing utilities.
Typically, new utility installations, both underground and overhead, constructed in conjunction with land development require a connection to existing utilities. Where such connections must utilize existing city right-of-way, the connection must be performed in accordance with Chapters 12.04 and 12.16 EWMC. (Ord. 10-09 § 9 (Exh. B), 2010)