Chapter 15.05 CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING CODES

Chapter 15.05
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING CODES

Sections:

15.05.010 Adoption of referenced codes.

15.05.015 Demolition and removal of buildings – Permit required.

15.05.017 Diversion of building materials from landfills.

15.05.020 General requirements.

15.05.030 International Building Code amendments.

15.05.040 International Residential Code amendments.

15.05.050 International Fire Code amendments.

15.05.060 National Electric Code – Required inspections.

15.05.070 International Property Maintenance Code amendments.

15.05.080 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems (NFPA 130) amendments.

15.05.090 Commercial energy code amendments.

15.05.010 Adoption of referenced codes.

The city of Shoreline hereby adopts the following codes for the purpose of establishing rules and regulations for the construction, alteration, removal, demolition, equipment, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of buildings, premises and structures, including permits and penalties:

A. The current edition of the International Building Code, International Existing Building Code and International Swimming Pool and Spa Code, published by the International Code Council, Inc., as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-50 WAC, as now or hereafter amended.

B. The current edition of the International Residential Code published by the International Code Council, Inc., as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-51 WAC, as now or hereafter amended. The following appendices are specifically adopted:

1. Appendix A, Sizing and Capacities of Gas Piping.

2. Appendix B, Sizing of Venting Systems Serving Appliances.

3. Appendix H, Patio Covers.

4. Appendix Q, Tiny Houses, as adopted in WAC 51-51-60104.

C. The current edition of the International Mechanical Code published by the International Code Council, Inc., as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-52 WAC, as now or hereafter amended, except that the standards for liquefied petroleum gas installations shall be NFPA 58 (Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases) and ANSI Z223.1/NFPA 54 (National Fuel Gas Code).

D. The current edition of the International Fuel Gas Code published by the International Code Council, Inc., as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-52 WAC, as now or hereafter amended. The following appendix is specifically adopted: Appendix A, Sizing Capacities of Gas Piping.

E. The current edition of the International Fire Code (IFC), published by the International Code Council, Inc., as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-54A WAC, as now or hereafter amended, including those standards of the National Fire Protection Association specifically referenced in the International Fire Code; provided, that notwithstanding any wording in this code, participants in religious ceremonies shall not be precluded from carrying hand-held candles. The following appendices, or parts thereof, are specifically adopted:

1. Tables B105.1(1) and B105.1(2) of Appendix B.

2. Appendix E, Hazard Categories.

3. Appendix F, Hazard Ranking.

As provided in Section 101.1 of the IFC, these regulations shall be known as the fire code of the city of Shoreline and referred to as “this code.” The Shoreline fire department shall be referred to as “the fire department.”

F. Except as provided in RCW 19.27.170, the current edition of the Uniform Plumbing Code and Uniform Plumbing Code Standards, published by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials, as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapters 51-56 and 51-57 WAC, as now or hereafter amended; provided, that any provisions of such code affecting sewers or fuel gas piping are not adopted. The following appendices are specifically adopted:

1. Appendix A, Recommended Rules for Sizing the Water Supply System;

2. Appendix B, Explanatory Notes on Combination Waste and Vent Systems;

3. Appendix D, Sizing Storm Water Drainage Systems;

4. Appendix I, Installation Standards;

5. Appendix M, Peak Water Demand Calculator, as adopted in WAC 51-56-003.

G. The rules adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council establishing standards for making buildings and facilities accessible to and usable by the physically disabled or elderly persons, as provided in RCW 70.92.100 through 70.92.160.

H. Energy Conservation Code.

1. Residential. The current edition of the International Energy Conservation Code published by the International Code Council, Inc., as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council in Chapter 51-11R WAC, as now or hereafter amended.

2. Commercial. The 2018 Edition of the International Energy Conservation Code published by the International Code Council, Inc., as amended by the Washington State Building Code Council in the Washington State Register, Issue WSR19-24-040, for incorporation in Chapter 51-11C WAC.

I. The 2014 NFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems, published by the National Fire Protection Association, as now or hereafter amended.

J. The current edition of the National Electrical Code, published by the National Fire Protection Association, as adopted by the Department of Labor and Industries in Chapter 296-46B WAC, as now or hereafter amended, and Chapter 19.28 RCW, as now or hereafter amended.

K. The current edition of the International Property Maintenance Code published by the International Code Council as hereafter amended, to be effective on the first day of July in the year immediately following the edition year, except that the following sections are not adopted by reference and are expressly deleted:

Section 103	Department of Property Maintenance Inspection
Subsection 106.2	Notice of violation
Subsection 106.3	Prosecution of violation
Subsection 106.4	Violation penalties
Subsection 106.5	Abatement
Section 107	Notice and Orders
Subsection 108.7	Record
Subsection 109.4	Emergency repairs
Subsection 109.5	Costs of emergency repairs
Subsection 109.6	Hearing
Subsection 110.2	Notices and orders
Subsection 110.4	Salvage materials
Section 111	Means of Appeal
Section 112	Stop Work Order
Subsection 302.4	Weeds
Subsection 304.14	Insect screens
Section 308	Rubbish and Garbage
Subsection 602.4	Occupiable work spaces
Subsection 604.3.1	Abatement of electrical hazards associated with water exposure
Subsection 604.3.2	Abatement of electrical hazards associated with fire exposure

[Ord. 987 §§ 1(A), (B), (C) (Exh. A), 2024; Ord. 948 § 1, 2021; Ord. 761 § 1 (Exh. A), 2016; Ord. 586 § 1 (Exh. 1), 2010; Ord. 477 § 1, 2007; Ord. 466 § 1, 2007; Ord. 426 § 2, 2006; Ord. 391 § 6, 2005; Ord. 355 § 1, 2004; Ord. 353 § 1, 2004]

15.05.015 Demolition and removal of buildings – Permit required.

A. Permit Required. No person, firm or corporation shall cause or permit the removal or demolition of any building from real property within the city of Shoreline without securing a permit for such purpose (“demolition permit”); provided, that buildings or structures that are exempt from permit under the codes adopted by this chapter shall not require a permit.

B. The building official shall require the following reports with a demolition permit application:

1. Documentation of rodent abatement is required for demolitions.

2. Documentation of compliance with the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency’s asbestos/demolition notification requirements.

3. Letter of compliance with the sewer district’s requirements for demolition.

4. A waste diversion plan when required by SMC 15.05.017.

C. Multiple buildings may be included on a single application for demolition or removal so long as the buildings occupy the same tax parcel.

D. Bonds and Securities. A bond or other financial security approved by the city in an amount sufficient to ensure city abatement of potential impacts to public health and safety and long-term environmental impacts and to ensure general cleanup of the demolition site shall be required prior to issuance of the demolition permit. The building official shall adopt a rule for bonding levels according to building classifications and uses.

E. Demolition and/or Removal of Structures from Property. Every building or structure or portion or remnants thereof remaining after fire, acts of nature, explosion, decay, or deterioration or other destructive force which is found to be in noncompliance with the site cleanup requirements specified in this section shall be brought into compliance upon notice, which shall be sent via certified mail. Demolition permits shall be obtained within 60 days of such notice.

F. Demolition permits shall require the following cleanup unless site conditions are incorporated or corrected as part of new construction included in a concurrent building permit application:

1. Remove all floors, foundations, footings, basement and retaining walls to a minimum of 18 inches below grade, or as otherwise required;

2. Fill excavations and other cavities with noncombustible, inorganic material smaller than eight inches and cover with dirt or gravel so that broken concrete is not left exposed;

3. Remove all sewage from existing cavities and fill with earth, sand, gravel or other approved material;

4. Fill wells with gravel and rocks no larger than eight inches or install a concrete cap (lined wells only) of sufficient size and weight that cannot easily be removed;

5. Grade site so that surface is smooth and properly sloped for required drainage. Grading shall conform to existing neighboring grades on all sides;

6. During demolition, water shall be used to control and reduce dust and its impact on neighboring properties;

7. The site shall be left clean and in a safe condition, and in a properly graded condition subject to approval of the building official;

8. When demolition or removal of a building has been completed, an inspection of the site shall be requested by the permit holder; and

9. Permits shall be valid for a period not to exceed 60 days from date of issuance with 60-day extensions allowed for extenuating circumstances as approved by the building official. [Ord. 672 § 1 (Exh. 1), 2013]

15.05.017 Diversion of building materials from landfills.

A. The purpose of this section is to increase the reuse of construction and building removal materials.

B. Definitions. Unless otherwise expressly stated, the following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this section, have the following meanings:

1. “Demolition” means the process of razing, relocation, or removal of an existing building or structure, or a portion thereof.

2. “Beneficial use” means the reuse of solid waste as an ingredient in a manufacturing process, or as an effective substitute for natural or commercial products in a manner that does not pose a threat to human health or the environment. Avoidance of processing or disposal cost alone does not constitute beneficial use.

3. “Deconstruction and salvage assessment” means a report which summarizes the building components within an existing building (prior to demolition) that have the potential for beneficial use.

C. Applicants for a permit to: (1) construct a structure greater than 1,000 square feet of gross floor area; (2) remove an entire building or structure greater than 1,000 square feet of gross floor area; or (3) make alterations greater than 1,000 square feet of gross floor area of a building or structure or tenant improvements greater than 2,500 square feet of gross floor area shall submit:

1. A waste diversion plan prior to permit issuance identifying the amount, by weight and volume, of construction and demolition material to be removed from a project site, the hauler, and the receiving facility or location for each commodity.

2. A waste diversion report prior to permit finalization or issuance of a certificate of occupancy. A partial or temporary certificate of occupancy may be issued prior to submittal of the waste diversion report. In instances where shared construction and demolition collection containers are used by two or more projects, periodic waste reports may be submitted in place of a final waste diversion report, as determined by the building official. The waste diversion report shall identify the amount, by weight or volume, of generated construction and demolition material removed from a project site, the hauler, and the receiving facility or location for each commodity. A signed affidavit from the receiving location and photo documentation must be included for salvaged materials for which a tip receipt cannot be obtained.

3. A deconstruction and salvage assessment prepared by a third party, prior to permit issuance.

D. Additional Requirements.

1. All construction and building material recycle loads that contain more than a single commodity shall be disposed of at a third party certified processing facility.

2. All job sites proposing waste recycling shall have at least one bin for recyclable materials that will be sent to a processing facility for recycling for beneficial use, and a separate bin for construction and building removal waste destined for a landfill.

E. Exceptions. Construction activity otherwise subject to this section shall not include disaster response performed in conjunction with a declared emergency or removal of structures determined to be hazardous or dangerous by the building official. [Ord. 672 § 2 (Exh. 2), 2013]

15.05.020 General requirements.

A. Fees. All city of Shoreline permit fees shall be established by Chapter 3.01 SMC. The city manager or designee may authorize the refunding of:

1. One hundred percent of any fee erroneously paid or collected.

2. Up to 80 percent of the permit fee paid when no work has been done under a permit issued in accordance with this code.

3. Up to 80 percent of the plan review fee paid when an application for a permit for which a plan review fee has been paid is withdrawn or canceled before any plan reviewing is done. The city manager or designee shall not authorize refunding of any fee paid except on written application filed by the original permittee not later than 180 days after the date of fee payment.

B. Amendments Applicable to All Adopted International Codes.

1. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “jurisdiction,” “department of building safety,” “department of mechanical inspection,” “department of inspection,” or “department of property maintenance inspection” shall refer to the “city of Shoreline.”

2. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “building official” or “code official” shall refer to the city manager or designee.

3. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “notice of violation” shall refer to “notice and order to correct.”

4. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “board of appeals” shall refer to “hearing examiner.”

5. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “International Existing Building Code” shall refer to the “International Building Code.”

6. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “International Electrical Code” shall refer to the “National Electrical Code.”

7. Unless the context requires otherwise, any reference to “International Zoning Code” shall refer to SMC Title 20, Development Code.

C. This chapter is an exercise of the city’s power to protect the public health, safety and welfare and its purpose is to provide enforcement of code violations, abatement of nuisances, and collection of abatement expenses by the city. This code shall be enforced for the benefit of the general public, not for the benefit of any particular person or class of persons.

It is the intent of this chapter to place the obligation for code compliance upon the responsible party, within the scope of this section, and not to impose any duty upon the city or any of its officers, officials or employees which would subject them to damages in a civil action. [Ord. 672 § 3 (Exh. 3), 2013; Ord. 586 § 2 (Exh. 2), 2010; Ord. 355 § 2, 2004; Ord. 353 § 1, 2004]

15.05.030 International Building Code amendments.

A. Section 105.2, Work exempt from permit.

1. Section 105.2(1) is amended to read as follows:

1. One-story detached accessory structures used as tool and storage sheds, playhouses and similar uses, provided the floor area does not exceed 200 square feet (18.33 m2).

2. Section 105.2(6) is amended to read as follows:

6. Platforms, sidewalks and driveways not more than 30 inches (762 mm) above grade and not over any basement or story below and which are not part of an accessible route.

3. Section 105.2(14) is added to read as follows:

14. Re-roofing of existing buildings where there are no structural elements being revised or replaced including the roof diaphragm.

4. Section 105.2(15) is added to read as follows:

15. Replacement of windows where there are no structural elements being revised and emergency escape and rescue openings are not reduced in size.

B. Section 1612.3, Establishment of flood hazard areas.

To establish flood hazard areas, the governing body shall adopt a flood hazard map and supporting data. The flood hazard map shall include, at a minimum, areas of special flood hazard as identified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in a scientific and engineering report entitled “Flood Insurance Study for King County and Incorporated Areas”, dated November 6, 2010, Flood Insurance Study Number 53033CV001B, and any revisions thereto, with an accompanying Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), and any revisions thereto, hereby adopted by reference and declared to be a part of this chapter. The flood insurance study and the FIRM are on file at 17500 Midvale Ave N, Shoreline, WA 98133.

C. Section 3002.4, Elevator car to accommodate ambulance stretcher, is amended to read as follows:

Where elevators are provided in buildings, four or more stories above grade plane or four or more stories below grade plane, or any R occupancy buildings with elevators serving one or more stories above or below ground access, at least one elevator shall be provided for fire department emergency access to all floors. The elevator car shall be such a size and arrangement to accommodate a 24-inch by 84-inch (610 mm by 1930 mm) ambulance stretcher in the horizontal, open position and shall be identified by the international symbol for emergency medical services (star of life). The symbol shall not be less than 3 inches (76 mm) high and shall be placed inside on both sides of the hoistway door frame.

[Ord. 914 § 1 (Exh. A), 2021; Ord. 641 § 2, 2012; Ord. 477 § 2, 2007; Ord. 355 § 3, 2004]

15.05.040 International Residential Code amendments.

A. Section R105.2, Work exempt from permit.

1. Section R105.2(10) is amended to read as follows:

10. Decks not more than 30 inches (762 mm) above grade at any point and detached from the dwelling and which are not part of an exit route.

2. Section R105.2(11) is added to read as follows:

11. Re-roofing of existing buildings where there are no structural elements being revised, including the roof diaphragm.

3. Section R105.2(12) is added to read as follows:

12. Replacement of windows where there are no structural elements being revised and emergency escape and rescue openings are not reduced in size.

B. Section R110.3 is amended to read as follows:

R110.3 Certificate issued. An issued permit card affixed with a dated, authorized signature entered under the “Final” inspection shall constitute the certificate of occupancy required by this code.

C. Table R301.2(1), Climatic and Geographical Design Criteria, is amended to read as follows:

Table R301.2(1) Climatic and Geographical Design Criteria
Roof Snow Load	25 lbs/sq ft
Wind Design
Speedd	85 mph
Topographic effectsk	No
Special Wind regionl	No
Wind-borne debris zonem	No
Seismic Design Categoryf	D2
Subject to damage from
Weatheringa	Moderate
Frost Line Depthb	12"
Termitesc	Slight to Moderate
Decay	Slight to Moderate
Winter Design Tempe	27 degrees
Ice Shield Underlayment Requiredh	No
Flood Hazardsg	o, n
Air Freeze Indexi	113
Mean Annual Tempj	53 degrees
n. Date of ordinance adoption: March 4, 1997.
o. King County Flood Insurance Study date: November 6, 2010.

D. Section R313.2 is adopted and amended as follows:

R313.2 One- and two-family dwellings automatic fire sprinkler systems. An automatic residential fire sprinkler system shall be installed in one- and two-family dwellings.

Exception: An automatic residential fire sprinkler system shall not be required for additions to existing buildings that are not already provided with an automatic residential sprinkler system unless otherwise required under IFC Section 102.5 as amended by SMC 15.05.050.

R313.2.1 Design and installation. (no amendment to language)

E. Section P2904, Dwelling Unit Fire Sprinkler Systems, is adopted. [Ord. 914 § 2 (Exh. B), 2021; Ord. 761 § 1 (Exh. A), 2016; Ord. 586 § 3 (Exh. 3), 2010; Ord. 477 § 3, 2007; Ord. 355 § 4, 2004]

15.05.050 International Fire Code amendments.

A. Section 102.5 is adopted and amended to read as follows:

102.5 Application of residential code. Where structures are designed and constructed in accordance with the International Residential Code, including, without exception, all new licensed adult family homes in existing structures, the provisions of this code shall apply.

102.5.1 Scope. Construction and design provisions of this code pertaining to the exterior of the structure shall apply including, but not limited to, premises identification, fire apparatus access and water supplies. Where interior or exterior systems or devices are installed, construction permits required by Section 105.7 of this code shall apply.

102.5.2 (no amendment to language)

Exceptions:

1. Additions to existing structures of up to 500 square feet shall comply with Section 901.4.8.1.

2. Additions to existing structures greater than 500 square feet resulting in a finished total square footage that does not meet minimum fire flow requirements per IFC Tables B105.1(1) and B105.1(2) and distance to hydrant, shall install a NFPA 13D sprinkler system.

3. A thirty percent reduction in the required fire flow is allowed when a monitored residential fire alarm system is installed. The monitored residential fire alarm must be maintained and reported to the fire department.

B. Section 102.7 is amended to read as follows:

102.7 Reference codes and standards. When allowed by the fire code official, editions of standards not herein referenced may be utilized provided the entire standard is utilized.

C. New Section 102.7.3 is added to read as follows:

102.7.3 The fire code official is authorized to approve an alternative standard where the fire code official determines that the alternate standard, applied in its entirety, complies with the intent of the provisions of this code, and that the alternate standard is, for the purpose intended, at least the equivalent of those listed in Chapter 80 in effectiveness, quality, fire resistance, durability and safety.

D. Sections 104.1, 104.10.1, and 104.11.2 are amended to read as follows:

1. 104.1 General. The City Manager or designee is hereby authorized to enforce the provisions of this code, and to adopt policies, procedures, rules and regulations in order to clarify the application of its provision. Wherever this code refers to the fire code official it shall be construed to mean the City Manager or designee. Such interpretations, policies, procedures, rules and regulations shall be in compliance with the intent and purpose of this code and shall not have the effect of waiving requirements specifically provided for in this code.

2. 104.10.1 Assistance from other agencies. Police and other enforcement agencies shall have authority to render necessary assistance in the investigation of fires or the enforcement of this code when requested to do so by the fire chief or designee.

3. 104.11.2 Obstructing operations. No person shall obstruct the operations of the fire department in connection with extinguishment, control, or investigation of any fire, or actions relative to other emergencies, or disobey any lawful command of the fire chief or officer of the fire department in charge of the emergency, or any part thereof, or any lawful order of a police officer assisting the fire department.

E. Section 105.1.2 is amended to read as follows:

105.1.2 Types of permits. There shall be two types of permits as follows:

1. Operational permit. An operational permit allows the applicant to conduct an operation or a business for which a permit is required by Section 105.5 for either:

a. A prescribed period.

b. Until renewed or revoked.

1.1. Operational permit fees. Fees may be charged annually for each type of operational permit. Fees shall be established by the fire code official.

2. Construction permit. A construction permit allows the applicant to install or modify systems and equipment for which a permit is required by Section 105.6.

2.1. Construction permit fees. Fees will be assessed for each construction permit issued under this Code as established by Chapter 3.01 SMC.

F. Section 105.5 is amended and new Sections 105.5.53 and 105.5.54 are added to read as follows:

1. 105.5. Required operational permits. The fire code official is authorized to issue operational permits for the operations set forth in Sections 105.5.1 through 105.5.55.

2. 105.5.32 Mobile food preparation vehicles. A permit is required for food preparation vehicles equipped with appliances that produce smoke or grease laden vapors or utilize LP-gas or CNG systems. The fire code official may accept a permit from an approved agency in lieu of a fire department operational permit.

3. 105.5.53. Positive alarm sequence. An operational permit is required to operate a Positive Alarm Sequence (PAS) Account as prescribed in NFPA 72.

5. 105.5.54 Interim Use Emergency Shelter. An operational permit is required to open an interim use emergency shelter and must comply with the fire department’s Policy FMO 318.

G. Section 105.6 is amended to read as follows and new Section 105.6.26 is added to read as follows:

1. 105.6. Required construction permits. The fire code official is authorized to issue construction permits for work as set forth in Sections 105.61 through 105.6.26.

2. 105.6.26 Emergency Power Supply System. A construction permit is required for installation of Emergency Power Supply System required by Section 604.

H. Section 108.6 is amended to read as follows:

108.6 Overcrowding. Overcrowding or admittance of any person beyond the approved capacity of a building or a portion thereof shall not be allowed. The fire code official, upon finding any overcrowding conditions or obstructions in aisles, passageways or other means of egress, or upon finding any condition which constitutes a life safety hazard, shall be authorized to direct actions be taken to reduce the overcrowding or to cause the event to be stopped until such condition or obstruction is corrected.

I. State adoption of Section 112.4 is not adopted by the city. Violations of this code are subject to enforcement pursuant to Chapter 20.30 SMC, Subchapter 9, as amended.

J. Section 307.1.1 is amended to read as follows:

307.1.1 Prohibited outdoor burning. Outdoor burning shall not be conducted at any time in compliance with a permanent ban on outdoor burning established by the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency.

For air quality and burn ban status information and regulations, contact the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency at www.pscleanair.org or (206) 323-8800; Air Quality Burn Ban Hotline 1-800-595-4341.

K. Section 308.3 is amended to read as follows:

308.3 Group A occupancies. Open-flame devices shall not be used in a Group A occupancy.

Exceptions:

1. Open-flame devices are allowed to be used in the following situations, provided approved precautions are taken to prevent ignition of a combustible material or injury to occupants:

1.1. Where necessary for ceremonial or religious purposes in accordance with Section 308.1.7.

1.2. On stages and platforms as a necessary part of a performance in accordance with Section 308.3.2.

1.3. Where candles on tables are securely supported on substantial noncombustible bases and the candle flames are protected.

2. Heat-producing equipment complying with Chapter 6 and the International Mechanical Code.

3. Gas lights are allowed to be used provided adequate precautions satisfactory to the fire code official are taken to prevent ignition of combustible materials.

4. Where approved by the fire code official.

L. Section 314.4 is amended to read as follows:

314.4 Vehicles. Liquid- or gas-fueled vehicles, fueled equipment, boats or other motorcraft shall not be located indoors except as follows:

1. Batteries are disconnected.

2. Fuel in fuel tanks does not exceed one-quarter tank or 5 gallons (19 L) (whichever is least).

3. Fuel tanks and fill openings are closed and sealed to prevent tampering.

4. Vehicle, fueled equipment, boats or other motorcraft equipment are not fueled or defueled within the building.

M. New Section 315.3.2.1 is added to read as follows:

315.3.2.1 Storage under stairways. Storage is prohibited under exit stairways. Exception: Enclosures under stairways in accordance with Sections 1011.7.3 or 1011.7.4 as applicable.

N. Section 501.1 is amended to read as follows:

501.1 Scope. Fire service features for buildings, structures and premises shall comply with this chapter. The requirements in this chapter may be modified by the fire code official if other approved fire-protection features are provided.

O. Section 503.1 is amended to read as follows:

503.1 Where required. Fire apparatus access roads shall be provided and maintained in accordance with Sections 503.1.1 through 503.1.3 and/or local street, road and access standards as determined by the fire code official.

P. State amendments for Sections 503.1, 503.1.1, 503.1.2, 503.1.3, 503.2, 503.3, 503.4, and 503.4.1 are not adopted by the city. The city adopts those sections as set forth in the IFC as amended herein.

Q. New Section 503.1.2.1 is added to read as follows:

503.1.2.1 Access roads. Access roads can be modified with approval of the fire code official.

R. Section 503.2.5 is amended to read as follows:

503.2.5 Dead ends. Dead-end fire apparatus access roads in excess of 150 feet (45 720 mm) in length shall be provided with an approved area for turning around fire apparatus, or as modified per the fire code official.

S. Section 503.2.7 is amended to read as follows:

503.2.7 Grade. The grade of the fire apparatus access road shall be a 15 percent maximum grade unless approved by fire code official.

T. Section 503.3 is amended to read as follows:

503.3 Fire Lanes. Where required by the fire code official, fire apparatus access roads shall be marked as follows:

1. FIRE LANE – NO PARKING Signs shall be mounted a minimum of 7’ from bottom of the sign to the street or sidewalk. Signs must be a type “R8-31” or equivalent reflective sign no less than 12" x 18" in size, with a white background and the wording “No Parking Fire Lane” in red letters. When in a straight line of sight, these signs shall be no further than fifty feet (50') apart. This distance may be reduced when curves, corners, or other adverse sighting conditions restrict the line of sight.

2. Curbs along designated Fire Department Access Roads (Fire Lanes) shall be painted yellow. This shall include both the vertical and horizontal portions of the curb. The pavement along the painted curb shall be stenciled to read “NO PARKING FIRE LANE”. Stenciling shall be 12 inch tall yellow block lettering with 1-1/2 inch minimum brush stroke and painted at 50 foot intervals.

3. If there are rolled curbs or no curbs exist, stenciling shall be placed on the pavement with minimum 12 inch tall yellow block lettering with 1-1/2 inch minimum brush stroke to read NO PARKING FIRE LANE at 50 foot intervals. A 4 inch wide continuous yellow stripe 2 inches under the lettering shall be painted spanning the entire length of the designated fire lane.

Exception: Variations to Fire Lane marking may be approved when in the opinion of the Fire Code Official the proposed signage and markings achieve the same outcome. The Fire Code Official retains the right to revoke the variations for cause.

T-A. A new section, Section 503.7 is added and shall read as follows:

503.7 Multiple-family residential developments. Multiple-family residential projects having more than 200 dwelling units shall comply with this section.

503.7.1 Projects having more than 200 dwelling units.

Multiple-family residential projects having more than 200 dwelling units shall be provided with two separate and approved fire apparatus access roads regardless of whether they are equipped with an approved automatic sprinkler system.

503.7.2 Remoteness.

Where two fire apparatus access roads are required, they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the property or area to be served, measured in a straight line between accesses.

U. Section 507.3 is amended to read as follows:

1. 507.3 Fire flow. Fire flow requirements for buildings or portions of buildings and facilities shall be determined in accordance with Sections 507.3.1 through 507.3.6.

Exception:

Fire Flow is not required for structures under 500 square feet with a B, U or R-1 occupancy where structures are at least 30 feet from any other structure and are used only for recreation.

2. 507.3.1 Minimum residual pressure. All required fire flow, either temporary or permanent, shall not create a minimum residual pressure in the public or private water system of less than 20 psi. (WAC 246-290-230)

3. 507.3.2 Required fire flow. The required quantity and demand duration of water shall be equal to the calculated fire flow for the greatest hazard or protected risk in the proposed development, and shall be determined by the fire code official using Table B105.1 Appendix B of the International Fire Code as the required baseline fire flow.

Exception:

The fire code official may increase the fire-flow requirements where conditions indicate an unusual susceptibility to group fires, conflagrations, or other fire hazard to the community.

4. 507.3.3 Infrastructure calculations. Where the existing fire flow on a system is inadequate, or a new system is proposed, engineering design calculations or an approved flow test when allowed by the water purveyor may be required to verify fire flow.

5. 507.3.4. Where the required fire flow exceeds the available fire flow, the installation or enhancement of automatic fire sprinkler and/or automatic fire detection and alarm systems may be used in conjunction with Section 508.3.5 when approved by the fire code official.

6. 507.3.5 Credit for automatic sprinkler systems. Fire flow credit for automatic sprinkler protection shall be granted only when the entire structure is protected by an approved automatic sprinkler system, designed in accordance with NFPA-13 or NFPA-13R, and for single family dwellings less than 4,800 sq. ft. in total area, designed in accordance with NFPA-13D.

507.3.5.1 Credit toward fire flow requirements shall be granted by the fire code official where sprinklers are installed:

1. For the purposes of area or height increases as specified in the International Building Code.

2. For the purposes of one-hour fire resistive substitution as specified in the International Building Code.

3. In Group R, Division 3 occupancies, as a substitute for fire apparatus access.

507.3.5.2 There shall be no additional credit toward fire flow requirements by installing an automatic sprinkler system where the system is required by the International Building or Fire Codes to protect hazardous storage or processes, or in any Group H or I occupancy.

507.3.5.3 Fire flow credit allowed per type of sprinkler system:

1. The reduction allowed for a NFPA 13 designed system shall be 50 percent.

2. The reduction allowed for a NFPA 13 R designed system shall be 30 percent.

3. The reduction allowed for an NFPA 13 D designed system shall be 30 percent.

4. The reduction allowed may be increased by the fire code official when the design area or density has been increased over the minimums set forth by the applicable NFPA standard. This provision only applies to light hazard occupancies.

7. 507.3.6 Fire-flow calculation area. The area used to calculate fire flow shall be determined in accordance with this section.

507.3.6.1 The fire-flow calculation area shall be the total floor area of all floor levels within the exterior walls, and under the horizontal projections of the roof of a building.

507.3.6.2 Portions of buildings that are separated by four-hour fire walls without openings, constructed in accordance with the International Building Code, are allowed to be considered as separate fire-flow calculation areas.

507.3.6.3 The fire-flow calculation area of a building constructed of Type IA and Type IB construction shall be the area of the three largest successive floors.

Exception: Fire-flow calculation area for open parking garages shall be determined by the area of the largest floor.

V. Section 507.5 is amended to read as follows:

1. 507.5 Fire hydrant systems. Fire hydrant systems shall comply with Sections 507.5.1 through 507.5.7.

2. 507.5.1 Where required. Where a portion of the facility or building hereafter constructed or moved into or within the jurisdiction is more than 300 feet from any hydrant required to meet the building’s fire flow, on a fire apparatus access road, as measured by an approved route around the exterior of the facility or building, onsite fire hydrants and mains shall be provided where required by the fire code official.

Exceptions:

1. For Group R-3 and Group U occupancies, the distance requirement shall be 500 feet.

2. For buildings equipped throughout with an approved automatic sprinkler system installed in accordance with Section 903.3 the distance requirement shall be 600 feet (183 m).

507.5.1.1 Hydrant spacing and distribution. Fire hydrants installed for new development shall be located as per fire flow requirements, approved by the fire code official and comply with sections 507.5.1.1.1 through 507.5.1.1.5.

507.5.1.1.1 Buildings of less than 2500 gpm. Buildings having a required fire flow less than two thousand five hundred (2500) gpm may have fire hydrants on one side of the building only.

507.5.1.1.2 Buildings of 2500 gpm and less than 3500 gpm. Buildings having a required fire flow of two thousand five hundred (2500) gpm or more and less than three thousand five hundred (3500) gpm shall have hydrants served by a main that loops the building or complex of buildings and reconnects back into a distribution supply main in a separate location.

Exception: Where property lines, topography or other features prevent fire department vehicle access to one or more sides of a building or complex of buildings, this requirement may be waived if suitable fire protection features as approved by the fire code official are installed on the premises.

507.5.1.1.3 Buildings of 3500 gpm or more. Buildings having a required fire flow of three thousand five hundred (3500) gpm or more shall have hydrants served by a main that loops the building or complex and that is served from two directions or two sources of water supply.

507.5.1.1.4 Distance from buildings. For other than hazardous conditions, fire hydrants shall be located at least fifty (50) feet from the building or buildings they serve. When the materials or processes in a building or complex of buildings constitute a hazardous condition as determined by the fire code official, hydrants shall be located no closer than eighty (80) feet from the building.

Exception: Where property lines, topography or other features prevent this spacing, fire hydrants may be located closer to the building or buildings if suitable safeguards as approved by the fire code official are provided to protect fire equipment and fire fighters using the hydrant.

507.5.1.1.5 Arterials. Where a project site is located on a divided or primary arterial (traffic count of more than 20,000 vehicles per day), required hydrants shall be located on the same side of the divided or primary arterial as the project.

507.5.1.1.6 Hydrant for Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems. Buildings equipped with a sprinkler or standpipe system installed in accordance with section 903 or 905 shall have a fire hydrant within 75 feet of the fire department connections.

Exception: The distance shall be permitted to exceed 75 feet where approved by the fire code official.

3. 507.5.3 Private fire service mains and water tanks. Private fire service mains and water tanks shall be periodically inspected, tested and maintained in accordance with NFPA 25 at the following intervals:

1. Private fire hydrants of all types: Inspection annually in accordance with the most current version of the fire department’s Private Hydrant Maintenance Policy 319. Property owners with private hydrants are responsible to obtain annual, satisfactory inspection of their private hydrant(s) from a qualified inspector. Inspection procedures and forms for inspection by the City or others are set by the fire code official. The fire official may order additional inspections as deemed necessary.

2. Fire service main piping: Inspection of exposed, annually; flow test every 5 years.

3. Fire service main piping strainers: Inspection and maintenance after each use.

507.5.3.1 Private Hydrants – Use

1. Fire hydrant protection may be provided by private fire hydrants.

2. No person may open, damage, interfere with, or otherwise use a private hydrant, except in a manner and subject to such conditions as the fire official may require.

507.5.3.2 Private Hydrants – regulations. The fire code official is authorized to establish regulations and design standards for private hydrants. The fire code official has the authority to interpret and apply the regulations and standards and to make rulings and orders consistent with the purpose of this chapter.

507.5.3.3 Private Hydrants – Inspection reports. Inspection reports of private hydrants must be submitted to www.TheComplianceEngine.com within five working days of the date of inspection by the servicing inspector.

507.5.3.4 Private Hydrants – damage or malfunction. Property owners, their agents and tenants with private hydrants shall immediately contact the fire department in the event a private hydrant is damaged, malfunctions, or is otherwise out of order. “Immediately” means not more than forty-eight hours after a problem is noticed or should have been noticed in the exercise of reasonable care.

507.5.3.5 Private Hydrants – maintenance and repair. All maintenance and repair of private hydrants shall be solely the responsibility of the property owner. Obligations imposed upon property owners apply also to their managers and other authorized agents.

507.5.3.6 Private hydrants – access. Roads and access to the fire hydrant must be provided in accordance with International Fire Code Sections 503 and 507.

4. 507.5.4 Obstructions. Posts, fences, vehicles, growth, trash, storage and other materials or objects shall not be placed or kept near fire hydrants, fire department inlet connections or fire protection system control valves in a manner that would prevent such equipment or fire hydrants from being immediately discernible. There shall be no parking of motor vehicles, refuse containers or other obstructions within three (3) feet of a hydrant measured along the street or curb from a point perpendicular to the hydrant. The fire department shall not be deterred or hindered from gaining immediate access to fire protection equipment or fire hydrants. Paved access to fire hydrants shall be maintained to accommodate fire fighting apparatus, and to prevent damage to landscaping and pavement when the fire hydrant is being tested at its full flow.

5. 507.5.4.1 Marking. Fire hydrants located on private property shall be marked with an approved, reflective hydrant marker provided by the property owner placed in the street, alley, fire lane or access route in a location specified by the fire code official. Paved areas within the vicinity of a hydrant shall be permanently marked by painting the words “NO PARKING” and striping as approved by the fire code official.

W. New Section 507.5.7 is added to read as follows:

507.5.7 Number of fire hydrants required. The number of hydrants required for a building or complex of buildings shall be based on the formula:

Number of hydrants = required fire flow divided by 1000 gpm.

Fractions equal to or greater than one-half (1/2) shall be rounded up to the next higher whole number. Fractions less than one-half (1/2) shall be dropped.

Exception: Where actual fire flow tests performed in an approved manner when allowed by the water purveyor show higher flows exist.

X. Section 510.1 is amended to read as follows:

510.1 Emergency responder radio coverage in new buildings. Approved radio coverage for emergency responders shall be provided within buildings meeting any of the following conditions:

1. High rise buildings;

2. The total building area is 50,000 square feet or more;

3. The total basement area is 10,000 square feet or more; or

4. There are floors used for human occupancy more than 30 feet below the finished floor of the lowest level of exit discharge.

5. Buildings or structures where the Fire or Police Chief determines that in-building radio coverage is critical because of its unique design, location, use or occupancy.

The radio coverage system shall be installed in accordance with Sections 510.4 through 510.5.5 of this code and with the provisions of NFPA 1221 (2019). This section shall not require improvement of the existing public safety communication systems.

Exceptions:

1. Buildings and areas of buildings that have minimum radio coverage signal strength levels of the King County Regional 800 MHz Radio System within the building in accordance with Section 510.4.1 without the use of a radio coverage system.

2. In facilities where emergency responder radio coverage is required and such systems, components or equipment required could have a negative impact on the normal operations of that facility, the fire code official shall have the authority to accept an automatically activated emergency responder radio coverage system.

3. One- and two-family dwellings and townhouses.

510.2 Emergency responder radio coverage in existing buildings. Existing buildings shall be provided with approved radio coverage for emergency responders as required in Chapter 11.

510.3 Permit required. A construction permit for the installation of or modification to emergency responder radio coverage systems and related equipment is required as specified in Section 105.7.6. Maintenance performed in accordance with this code is not considered a modification and does not require a permit.

510.4 Technical requirements. Systems, components and equipment required to provide the emergency responder radio coverage system shall comply with Sections 510.4.1 through 510.4.2.8.

510.4.1 Emergency responder communication enhancement system signal strength. The building shall be considered to have acceptable emergency responder communications enhancement system coverage when signal strength measurements in 95 percent of all areas on each floor of the building meet the signal strength requirements in Sections 510.4.1.1 through 510.4.1.3.

Exception: Critical areas, such as the fire command center(s), the fire pump room(s), interior exit stairways, exit passageways, elevator lobbies, standpipe cabinets, sprinkler sectional valve locations, and other areas required by the fire code official, shall be provided with 99 percent floor area radio coverage.

510.4.1.1 Minimum signal strength into the building. The minimum inbound signal strength shall be sufficient to provide usable voice communications throughout the coverage area as specified by the fire code official. The inbound signal level shall be a minimum of -95 dBm in 95% of the coverage area and 99% in critical areas and sufficient to provide not less than a Delivered Audio Quality (DAQ) of 3.0 or an equivalent Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) applicable to the technology for either analog or digital signals.

510.4.1.2 Minimum signal strength out of the building. The minimum outbound signal strength shall be sufficient to provide usable voice communications throughout the coverage area as specified by the fire code official. The outbound signal level shall be sufficient to provide not less than a DAQ of 3.0 or an equivalent SINR applicable to the technology for either analog or digital signals. A minimum signal strength of -95 dBm shall be received by the King County Regional 800 MHz Radio System when transmitted from within the building.

510.4.1.3 System performance. Signal strength shall be sufficient to meet the requirements of the applications being utilized by public safety for emergency operations through the coverage area as specified by the radio system manager in Section 510.4.2.2.

510.4.2 System design. The emergency responder radio coverage system shall be designed in accordance with Sections 510.4.2.1 through 510.4.2.8 and NFPA 1221 (2019).

510.4.2.1 Amplification systems and components. Buildings and structures that cannot support the required level of radio coverage shall be equipped with systems and components to enhance the public safety radio signals and achieve the required level of radio coverage specified in Sections 510.4.1 through 510.4.1.3. Public safety communications enhancement systems utilizing radio-frequency-emitting devices and cabling shall be allowed by the Public Safety Radio System Operator. Prior to installation, all RF-emitting devices shall have the certification of the radio licensing authority and be suitable for public safety use.

510.4.2.2 Technical criteria. The Public Safety Radio System Operator shall provide the various frequencies required, the location of radio sites, the effective radiated power of radio sites, the maximum propagation delay in microseconds, the applications being used and other supporting technical information necessary for system design upon request by the building owner or owner’s representative.

510.4.2.3 Power supply sources. Emergency responder radio coverage systems shall be provided with dedicated standby batteries or provided with 2-hour standby batteries and connected to the facility generator power system in accordance with Section 1203. The standby power supply shall be capable of operating the emergency responder radio coverage system at 100-percent system capacity for a duration of not less than 12 hours.

510.4.2.4 Signal booster requirements. If used, signal boosters shall meet the following requirements:

1. All signal booster components shall be contained in a National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA) 4, IP66-type waterproof cabinet or equivalent.

Exception: Listed battery systems that are contained in integrated battery cabinets.

2. Battery systems used for the emergency power source shall be contained in a NEMA 3R or higher-rated cabinet, IP65-type waterproof cabinet or equivalent.

3. Equipment shall have FCC or other radio licensing authority certification and be suitable for public safety use prior to installation.

4. Where a donor antenna exists, isolation shall be maintained between the donor antenna and all inside antennas to not less than 20dB greater than the system gain under all operating conditions.

5. Bi-Directional Amplifiers (BDAs) used in emergency responder radio coverage systems shall be fitted with anti-oscillation circuitry and per-channel AGC.

6. The installation of amplification systems or systems that operate on or provide the means to cause interference on any emergency responder radio coverage networks shall be coordinated and approved by the Public Safety Radio System Operator.

7. Unless otherwise approved by the Public Safety Radio System Operator, only channelized signal boosters shall be permitted.

Exception: Broadband BDA’s may be utilized when specifically authorized in writing by the Public Safety Radio System Operator.

510.4.2.5 System monitoring. The emergency responder radio enhancement system shall include automatic supervisory and trouble signals that are monitored by a supervisory service and are annunciated by the fire alarm system in accordance with NFPA 72. The following conditions shall be separately annunciated by the fire alarm system, or, if the status of each of the following conditions is individually displayed on a dedicated panel on the radio enhancement system, a single automatic supervisory signal may be annunciated on the fire alarm system indicating deficiencies of the radio enhancement system:

1. Loss of normal AC power supply.

2. System battery charger(s) failure.

3. Malfunction of the donor antenna(s).

4. Failure of active RF-emitting device(s).

5. Low-battery capacity at 70-percent reduction of operating capacity.

6. Active system component malfunction.

7. Malfunction of the communications link between the fire alarm system and the emergency responder radio enhancement system.

510.4.2.6 Additional frequencies and change of frequencies. The emergency responder radio coverage system shall be capable of modification or expansion in the event frequency changes are required by the FCC or other radio licensing authority, or additional frequencies are made available by the FCC or other radio licensing authority.

510.4.2.7 Design documents. The fire code official shall have the authority to require “as-built” design documents and specifications for emergency responder communications coverage systems. The documents shall be in a format acceptable to the fire code official.

510.4.2.8 Radio communication antenna density. Systems shall be engineered to minimize the near-far effect. Radio enhancement system designs shall include sufficient antenna density to address reduced gain conditions.

Exceptions:

1. Class A narrow band signal booster devices with independent AGC/ALC circuits per channel.

2. Systems where all portable devices within the same band use active power control.

510.5 Installation requirements. The installation of the public safety radio coverage system shall be in accordance with NFPA 1221 and Sections 510.5.1 through 510.5.7.

510.5.1 Approval prior to installation. Amplification systems capable of operating on frequencies licensed to any public safety agency by the FCC or other radio licensing authority shall not be installed without prior coordination and approval of the Public Safety Radio System Operator.

510.5.2 Minimum qualifications of personnel. The minimum qualifications of the system designer and lead installation personnel shall include both of the following:

1. A valid FCC-issued general radio telephone operators license.

2. Certification of in-building system training issued by an approved organization or approved school, or a certificate issued by the manufacturer of the equipment being installed.

510.5.3 Acceptance test procedure. Where an emergency responder radio coverage system is required, and upon completion of installation, the building owner shall have the radio system tested to verify that two-way coverage on each floor of the building is in accordance with Section 510.4.1. The test procedure shall be conducted as follows:

1. Each floor of the building shall be divided into a grid of 20 approximately equal test areas, with a maximum test area size of 6,400 square feet. Where the floor area exceeds 128,000 square feet, the floor shall be divided into as many approximately equal test areas as needed, such that no test area exceeds the maximum square footage allowed for a test area.

2. Coverage testing of signal strength shall be conducted using a calibrated spectrum analyzer for each of the test grids. A diagram of this testing shall be created for each floor where coverage is provided, indicating the testing grid used for the test in Section 510.5.3(1), and including signal strengths and frequencies for each test area. Indicate all critical areas.

3. Functional talk-back testing shall be conducted using two calibrated portable radios of the latest brand and model used by the agency’s radio communications system or other equipment approved by the fire code official. Testing shall use Digital Audible Quality (DAQ) metrics, where a passing result is a DAQ of 3 or higher. Communications between handsets shall be tested and recorded in the grid square diagram required by section 510.5.3(2): each grid square on each floor; between each critical area and a radio outside the building; between each critical area and the fire command center or fire alarm control panel; between each landing in each stairwell and the fire command center or fire alarm control panel.

4. Failure of more than 5% of the test areas on any floor shall result in failure of the test.

Exception: Critical areas shall be provided with 99 percent floor area coverage.

5. In the event that two of the test areas fail the test, in order to be more statistically accurate, the floor shall be permitted to be divided into 40 equal test areas. Failure of not more than two nonadjacent test areas shall not result in failure of the test. If the system fails the 40-area test, the system shall be altered to meet the 95-percent coverage requirement.

6. A test location approximately in the center of each test area shall be selected for the test, with the radio enabled to verify two-way communications to and from the outside of the building through the public agency’s radio communications system. Once the test location has been selected, that location shall represent the entire test area. Failure in the selected test location shall be considered to be a failure of that test area. Additional test locations shall not be permitted.

7. The gain values of all amplifiers shall be measured, and the test measurement results shall be kept on file with the building owner so that the measurements can be verified during annual tests. In the event that the measurement results become lost, the building owner shall be required to rerun the acceptance test to reestablish the gain values.

8. As part of the installation, a spectrum analyzer or other suitable test equipment shall be utilized to ensure spurious oscillations are not being generated by the subject signal booster. This test shall be conducted at the time of installation and at subsequent annual inspections.

9. Systems incorporating Class B signal booster devices or Class B broadband fiber remote devices shall be tested using two portable radios simultaneously conducting subjective voice quality checks. One portable radio shall be positioned not greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) from the indoor antenna. The second portable radio shall be positioned at a distance that represents the farthest distance from any indoor antenna. With both portable radios simultaneously keyed up on different frequencies within the same band, subjective audio testing shall be conducted and comply with DAQ levels as specified in Sections 510.4.1.1 and 510.4.1.2.

10. Documentation maintained on premises. At the conclusion of the testing, and prior to issuance of the building Certificate of Occupancy, the building owner or owner’s representative shall place a copy of the following records in the DAS enclosure or the building engineer’s office. The records shall be available to the fire code official and maintained by the building owner for the life of the system:

a. A certification letter stating that the emergency responder radio coverage system has been installed and tested in accordance with this code, and that the system is complete and fully functional.

b. The grid square diagram created as part of testing in Sections 510.5.3(2) and 510.5.3(3).

c. Data sheets and/or manufacturer specifications for the emergency responder radio coverage system equipment; back up battery; and charging system (if utilized).

d. A diagram showing device locations and wiring schematic.

e. A copy of the electrical permit.

11. Acceptance test reporting to fire code official. At the conclusion of the testing, and prior to issuance of the building Certificate of Occupancy, the building owner or owner’s representative shall submit to the fire code official a report of the acceptance test by way of the department’s third-party vendor thecomplianceengine.com.

510.5.4 FCC compliance. The emergency responder radio coverage system installation and components shall comply with all applicable federal regulations including, but not limited to, FCC 47 CFR Part 90.219.

510.5.5 Mounting of the donor antenna(s). To maintain proper alignment with the system designed donor site, donor antennas shall be permanently affixed on the highest possible position on the building or where approved by the fire code official. A clearly visible sign shall be placed near the antenna stating, “movement or repositioning of this antenna is prohibited without approval from the fire code official.” The antenna installation shall be in accordance with the applicable requirements in the International Building Code for weather protection of the building envelope.

510.5.6 Wiring. The backbone, antenna distribution, radiating, or any fiber-optic cables shall be rated as plenum cables. The backbone cables shall be connected to the antenna distribution, radiating, or copper cables using hybrid coupler devices of a value determined by the overall design. Backbone cables shall be routed through an enclosure that matches the building’s required fire-resistance rating for shafts or interior exit stairways and shall not be less than two hours. The connection between the backbone cable and the antenna cables shall be made within an enclosure that matches the building’s fire-resistance rating for shafts or interior exit stairways and shall not be less than two hours, and passage of the antenna distribution cable in and out of the enclosure shall be protected as a penetration per the International Building Code.

510.5.7 Identification Signs. Emergency responder radio coverage systems shall be identified by an approved sign located on or near the Fire Alarm Control Panel or other approved location stating “This building is equipped with an Emergency Responder Radio Coverage System. Control Equipment located in room__”. A sign stating “Emergency Responder Radio Coverage System Equipment” shall be placed on or adjacent to the door of the room containing the main system components.

510.5.8 ERRCS Head End Equipment Room. Room used for head end equipment shall be two hour fire resistance rated.

510.6 Maintenance. The emergency responder radio coverage system shall be maintained operational at all times in accordance with Sections 510.6.1 through 510.6.7.

510.6.1 Testing and proof of compliance. The owner of the building or owner’s authorized agent shall have the emergency responder radio coverage system inspected and tested annually or where structural changes occur including additions or remodels that could materially change the original field performance tests. Testing shall consist of the following items (1) through (7):

1. In-building coverage test as required by the fire code official as described in Section 510.5.3 “Acceptance test procedure” or 510.6.1.1 “Alternative in-building coverage test”.

Exception: Group R Occupancy annual testing is not required within dwelling units.

2. Signal boosters shall be tested to verify that the gain/output level is the same as it was upon initial installation and acceptance or set to optimize the performance of the system.

3. Backup batteries and power supplies shall be tested under load of a period of 1 hours to verify that they will properly operate during an actual power outage. If within the 1-hour test period the battery exhibits symptoms of failure, the test shall be extended for additional 1-hour periods until the integrity of the battery can be determined.

4. If a fire alarm system is present in the building, a test shall be conducted to verify that the fire alarm system is properly supervising the emergency responder communication system as required in Section 510.4.2.5. The test is performed by simulating alarms to the fire alarm control panel. The certifications in Section 510.5.2 are sufficient for the personnel performing this testing.

5. Other active components shall be checked to verify operation within the manufacturer’s specifications.

6. At the conclusion of the testing, a report, which shall verify compliance with Section 510.6.1, shall be submitted to the fire code official by way of the department’s third-party vendor thecomplianceengine.com

7. At the conclusion of testing, a record of the inspection and maintenance along with an updated grid diagram of each floor showing tested strengths in each grid square and each critical area shall be added to the documentation maintained on the premises in accordance with Section 510.5.3.

510.6.1.1 Alternative In-building coverage test. When the comprehensive test documentation required by Section 510.5.3 is available, or the most recent full five-year test results are available if the system is older than six years, the in-building coverage test required by the fire code official in Section 510.6.1(1), may be conducted as follows:

1. Functional talk-back testing shall be conducted using two calibrated portable radios of the latest brand and model used by the agency’s radio communications system or other equipment approved by the fire code official. Testing shall use Digital Audible Quality (DAQ) metrics, where a passing result is a DAQ of 3 or higher. Communications between handsets in the following locations shall be tested: between the fire command center or fire alarm control panel and a location outside the building; between the fire alarm control panel and each landing in each stairwell.

2. Coverage testing of signal strength shall be conducted using a calibrated spectrum analyzer for:

(a) Three grid areas per floor. The three grid areas to be tested on each floor are the three grid areas with poorest performance in the acceptance test or the most recent annual test, whichever is more recent; and

(b) Each of the critical areas identified in acceptance test documentation required by Section 510.5.3, or as modified by the fire code official, and

3. The test area boundaries shall not deviate from the areas established at the time of the acceptance test, or as modified by the fire code official. The building shall be considered to have acceptable emergency responder radio coverage when the required signal strength requirements in 510.4.1.1 and 510.4.1.2 are located in 95 percent of all areas on each floor of the building and 99 percent in Critical Areas, and any non-functional serving antenna are repaired to function within normal ranges. If the documentation of the acceptance test or most recent previous annual test results are not available or acceptable to the fire code official, the radio coverage verification testing described in 510.5.3 shall be conducted.

510.6.2 Additional frequencies. The building owner shall modify or expand the emergency responder radio coverage system at his or her expense in the event frequency changes are required by the FCC or other radio licensing authority, or additional frequencies are made available by the FCC public safety radio system operator or FCC license holder. Prior approval of a public safety radio coverage system on previous frequencies does not exempt this section.

510.6.3 Nonpublic safety system. Where other nonpublic safety amplification systems installed in buildings reduce the performance or cause interference with the emergency responder communications coverage system, the nonpublic safety amplification system shall be corrected or removed.

510.6.4 Field testing. Agency personnel shall have the right to enter onto the property at any reasonable time to conduct field testing to verify the required level of radio coverage or to disable a system that due to malfunction or poor maintenance has the potential to impact the emergency responder radio system in the region.

Y. Repealed by Ord. 987.

Z. Section 803.1 is amended to read as follows:

803.1 General. The provisions of Section 803.1.1 through 803.1.4 shall be applicable to all occupancies.

AA. New Section 803.1.4 is added to read as follows:

803.1.4 Atrium furnishings. Atrium furnishings shall comply with Sections 803.1.3.1, 803.1.3.2, 803.1.4.1, and 803.1.4.2.

803.1.4.1 Potential heat. Potential heat of combustible furnishings and decorative materials within atria shall not exceed 9,000 Btu per pound (20,934 J/g) when located within an area that is more than 20 feet (6,096 mm) below ceiling-level sprinklers.

801.1.4.2 Decorative materials. Decorative material in atria shall be noncombustible, flame resistant or treated with a flame retardant.

BB. Section 901.4.3 is amended to read as follows:

901.4.3 Additions, change of use, alterations and repairs to buildings. Additions, change of use, alterations and repairs to buildings shall comply with this section.

901.4.3.1 Additions or changes of use. Additions or changes of use to existing buildings which would result in a nonconforming building shall be brought up to current code requirements for fire protection systems. Commercial tenant improvements that result in a change of use shall comply with sections 903.2.1 through 903.2.12 and section 907. Commercial additions shall comply with sections 903.2.1 through 903.2.13 and section 907.

Exception: A one-time exemption for additions to unsprinklered Group R, Division 3 occupancies, or equivalent, of up to 500 square feet is permitted without compliance with this section. This exemption shall be recorded against the property in the King County Recorder’s Office.

901.4.3.2 Alterations and repairs. When the value of all alterations or repairs performed within a seventy month period exceeds 50 percent of the value of the building, then fire extinguishing systems, and fire detection systems shall be installed throughout the building if one would otherwise be required for the building if of new construction. The value of the building shall be as listed by the King County Assessor’s Office or other acceptable method approved by the fire code official at the time of the first permit application or first alteration or repair work performed. Buildings not listed with an appraised value shall utilize an alternate method of valuation prescribed by the fire code official.

CC. Section 901.7 is amended to read as follows:

901.7 Systems out of service. Where a fire protection system is out of service, the fire department and the fire code official shall be notified immediately and, where required by the fire code official, the building shall either be evacuated or an approved fire watch shall be provided for all occupants left unprotected by the shut down until the fire protection system has been returned to service. Where utilized, fire watches shall be provided with at least one approved means for notification of the fire department and their only duty shall be to perform constant patrols of the protected premises and keep watch for fires.

DD. New Section 901.7.7 is added to read as follows:

901.7.7 Replacing system to service. When a fire alarm control panel needs replacing or is no longer serviceable, the entire building must comply with current codes.

EE. Section 903.2 is amended to read as follows:

903.2 Where required. Approved automatic sprinkler systems in new buildings and structures shall be provided in the locations described in this section.

FF. New Sections 903.2.8.5 and 903.2.13 are added to read as follows:

903.2.8.5 Group R decks. Decks over 24 inches (60.96cm) in length measured perpendicularly from the face of building attachment shall require sprinkler protection.

Exception: Top floor decks without overhead roof projections or decks installed in such a manner that heat capture for sprinkler activation is not met per 2019 NFPA13 standards.

903.2.13 All buildings. All newly constructed buildings shall comply with this section.

903.2.13.1 Gross square footage. All newly constructed commercial buildings with a gross square footage of 4,800 or greater square feet, regardless of type or use shall be sprinklered.

903.2.13.2 Fire flow. All new commercial buildings requiring 2000 gallons per minute or more fire flow shall be sprinklered.

GG. Section 903.4.3 is amended to read as follows:

903.4.3 Floor control valves. Approved supervised indicating control valves shall be provided at the point of connection to the riser on each floor. The floor control valves shall be located within stair enclosures and within 6 feet of floors or landings unless chains or other approved devices are readily available.

Exception: In buildings without stair enclosures, the location of the floor control valves shall be determined by the fire code official.

HH. Repealed by Ord. 987.

II. New Sections 905.3.9 and 905.3.10 are added to read as follows:

905.3.9 High-rise building standpipes. Standpipe risers shall be combination standpipe/sprinkler risers using a minimum pipe size of 6-inch. Two 2 1/2-inch hose connections shall be provided on every intermediate floor level landing in every required stairway. Where pressure reduction valves (PRV) are required, each hose connection shall be provided with its own PRV. The system shall be designed to provide a minimum flow of 300 gpm at a minimum pressure of 150 psi (maximum 200 psi) at each standpipe connection, in addition to the flow and pressure requirements contained in NFPA 14.

905.3.10 Standpipes may be required below 30 feet. Standpipes may be required below 30 feet where the fire code official deems necessary.

JJ. Section 905.4 is amended to read as follows:

905.4 Location of Class I standpipe hose connections. Class I standpipe hose connections shall be provided in all of the following locations:

1. In every required stairway, a hose connection shall be provided for each floor level above or below grade. Hose connections shall be located at an intermediate floor level landing between floors. Where stairs are required to provide roof access, the standpipe roof connections shall be located adjacent to the stair opening on the roof.

2. On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit opening of a horizontal exit.

Exceptions:

1. Where floor areas adjacent to a horizontal exit are reachable from exit stairway hose connections by a 30-foot (9144 mm) hose stream from a nozzle attached to 100 feet (30 480 mm) of hose, a hose connection shall not be required at the horizontal exit.

2. When the fire code official determines that a standpipe connection is not needed.

3. Where the most remote portion of a nonsprinklered floor or story is more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) from a hose connection or the most remote portion of a sprinklered floor or story is more than 150 feet (45 720 mm) from a hose connection, the fire code official is authorized to require that additional hose connections be provided in approved locations.

KK. Section 907.2 is amended to read as follows:

907.2 Where required – new buildings and structures. An approved fire alarm system installed in accordance with the provisions of this code and NFPA 72 shall be provided in new buildings and structures where there is a required sprinkler system, except one-and two-family dwelling as defined in the International Residential Code and in accordance with Sections 907.2.1 through 907.2.24 and provide occupant notification in accordance with Section 907.5, unless other requirements are provided by another section of this code.

A minimum of one manual fire alarm box shall be provided in an approved location to initiate a fire alarm signal to fire alarm systems employing automatic fire detectors or waterflow detection devices. Where other sections of this code allow elimination of fire alarm boxes due to sprinklers, a single fire alarm box shall be installed.

Exception: The manual fire alarm box is not required for fire alarm systems dedicated to elevator recall control and supervisory service.

LL-A. Section 907.2.9 is amended to read as follows:

907.2.9 Group R-2. Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms shall be installed in Group R-2 occupancies as required by Sections 907.2.9.1 through 907.2.9.4.

LL-B New Section 9.07.2.10.8 is added to read as follows:

907.2.10.8 Smoke detection requirements R2-multi-family buildings

Fire alarm smoke detection shall be designed, installed and located per IBC, IFC, IMC and NFPA-72 requirements and as required by the Shoreline Fire Department. (Maximum spacing of smoke detectors in corridors shall be no more than 100 feet). Smoke detectors shall be installed at the following locations:

1. Within 5 feet of all pressurized stair doors

2. Within 5 feet of corridor wall – supply and return grilles with fire/smoke dampers

3. Elevator lobbies

4. Fire alarm NAC power supplies

5. Fire Control room (riser room/FACP)

6. At one side of cross corridor fire doors (placed on the side where the nearest smoke detector is farthest away.

7. Electrical rooms/IDF closets

8. Trash rooms

9. Storage rooms (greater than 100 square feet)

Additional smoke detection may be required by the AHJ.

LL-C. New Section 907.2.24 is added to read as follows:

907.2.24 All buildings. All newly constructed buildings with a gross square footage of 3,000 or greater shall be provided with an approved automatic and manual fire alarm system. Commercial building change of use or additions that result in a fire area with a gross square footage of 3,000 or greater, shall be provided with an approved addressable automatic fire alarm system.

Exceptions:

A. Group R Division 3 and 4, and Group U Occupancies having adequate fire flow and approved access.

B. Group R Division 3 and 4 dwelling units shall have interconnected single station smoke detectors in accordance with RCW 48.48.140 and WAC 212-10.

MM. New Section 907.2.25 is added to read as follows:

907.2.25 Remodels and tenant improvements. When undergoing remodel and tenant improvements, existing occupancies equipped with smoke detectors that are 10 or more years old shall have all such detectors replaced with modern units. Those occupancies without the protection of smoke detection shall add smoke detection in accordance with the applicable requirements in the International Residential Code or International Building Code.

NN. New Section 907.2.26 is added to read as follows:

907.2.26 Alarm panel beyond repair. When an alarm panel is beyond repair and parts are not available, a new alarm panel shall be required. Installation of the new alarm panel shall be in accordance with Section 907.

OO. New Section 913.2.3 is added to read as follows:

Where fire pumps are installed, back-up power shall be supplied by a level one emergency generator. Generator shall be installed in accordance with Section 1203 and meet NFPA 20 standards.

PP. Section 1103.2 is amended to read as follows:

1103.2 Emergency responder radio coverage in existing buildings. Buildings constructed prior to the implementation of this code shall not be required to comply with the emergency responder radio coverage provisions except as follows:

1. Whenever an existing wired communication system cannot be repaired or is being replaced.

2. Buildings identified in Section 510.1 undergoing substantial alteration as determined by the fire code official.

3. When buildings, classes of buildings, or specific occupancies do not have minimum radio coverage signal strength as identified in Section 510.4.1 and the fire code official determines that lack of minimum signal strength poses an undue risk to emergency responders that cannot be reasonably mitigated by other means.

QQ. Section 5003.9 is amended to read as follows:

5003.9 General safety precautions. General precautions for the safe storage, handling or care of hazardous materials shall be in accordance with Sections 5003.9.1 through 5003.9.11.

RR. New Section 5003.9.11 is added to read as follows:

5003.9.11 Manufacturer’s Limitations. The storage and use of hazardous materials shall not exceed the manufacturer’s limitations on shelf life and any other restrictions on use.

SS. Repealed by Ord. 914.

TT. Sections 5504.3.1.1.3, 5704.2.9.6.1, 5706.2.4.4, and 6104.2 are amended to read as follows:

1. 5504.3.1.1.3 Location. Amended to designate the applicable areas as the City of Shoreline, except as allowed by the fire code official.

2. 5704.2.9.6.1 Locations where above-ground tanks are prohibited. Amended to designate the applicable areas as the City of Shoreline, except as allowed by the fire code official.

3. 5706.2.4.4 Locations where above-ground tanks are prohibited. Amended to designate the applicable areas as the City of Shoreline, except as allowed by the fire code official.

4. 6104.2 Maximum capacity within established limits. Amended to designate the applicable areas as the City of Shoreline, except as allowed by the fire code official.

[Ord. 987 § 1(D) (Exh. A), 2024; Ord. 914 § 3 (Exh. C), 2021; Ord. 761 § 1 (Exh. A), 2016; Ord. 672 § 4 (Exh. 4), 2013; Ord. 586 § 4 (Exh. 4), 2010; Ord. 477 § 4, 2007; Ord. 355 § 5, 2004]

15.05.060 National Electric Code – Required inspections.

All work requires a rough-in and a final inspection, and no electrical wiring or equipment subject to inspections under Chapter 19.28 RCW may be concealed until it has been approved by the inspector making the inspection. [Ord. 426 § 3, 2006]

15.05.070 International Property Maintenance Code amendments.

A. Section 101.1 is amended to read as follows:

101.1 Title. These regulations shall be known as the International Property Maintenance Code of Shoreline, hereinafter referred to as “this code.”

B. Section 102.3 is amended to read as follows:

102.3 Applicability of other codes. Repairs, additions or alterations to a structure, or change of occupancy, shall be done in accordance with the procedures and provisions of Title 15 of the City of Shoreline Municipal Code. Nothing in this code shall be construed to cancel, modify or set aside any provision of Title 20 of the City of Shoreline Municipal Code.

C. Section 108.1 is amended to read as follows:

108.1 General. When a structure, equipment or premises is found by the code official to be unsafe, dangerous or unfit for human occupancy, or is found unlawful, such structure or premises may be condemned pursuant to the provisions of this code. For unlawful structures or premises, condemnation shall only be warranted when the Director determines that the unlawful nature of the structure or premise creates a threat to the health, safety, or welfare of the occupants or the public.

D. Section 108.7 is amended to read as follows:

108.7 Relocation assistance. If a rental dwelling or portion of a dwelling or its premises is declared condemned or unlawful to occupy and is required to be vacated, the landlord, who knew or should have known of the existence of these conditions, shall be required to pay relocation assistance and any prepaid deposit and prepaid rent to the displaced tenants in accordance with the Revised Code of Washington (RCW) 59.18.085. The City shall advance relocation assistance funds, prepaid deposit and prepaid rent to eligible tenants as set forth in RCW 59.18.085 in the event the landlord fails to pay the relocation assistance as required.

E. Sections 109.1 and 109.2 are amended to read as follows:

109.1 Imminent danger. When, in the opinion of the code official, there is imminent danger of failure or collapse of a building or structure which endangers life, or when any structure or part of a structure has fallen and life is endangered by the occupation of the structure, or when there is actual or potential danger to those in the proximity of any structure or premise. Potentially dangerous conditions include explosives, explosive fumes or vapors or the presence of toxic fumes, gases or materials, or operation of defective or dangerous equipment, open pits, wells, cisterns, shafts, or other dangerous excavations unprotected or inadequately protected. The code official is hereby authorized and empowered to order and require the occupants to vacate the premises forthwith. The code official shall cause to be posted a notice reading as follows: “This Structure/Premise Is Unsafe and Its Occupancy/Use Has Been Prohibited by the Code Official.” It shall be unlawful for any person to enter upon this property except for the purpose of securing the property, making the required repairs, removing the hazardous condition or of demolishing the same.

109.2 Temporary safeguards. Notwithstanding other provisions of this code, whenever, in the opinion of the code official, there is imminent danger due to an unsafe condition, the code official shall order the necessary work to be done, including the boarding up of openings and/or the fencing of premises, to render such structure/premise temporarily safe whether or not the legal procedure herein described has been instituted; and shall cause such other action to be taken as the code official deems necessary to meet such emergency.

F. A new Section 109.4 is added to read as follows:

109.4 Imminent Nuisance and Summary Abatement. Imminent Nuisance and Summary Abatement shall be as set forth in Shoreline Municipal Code, Title 20, Chapter 30, subchapter 9.

G. The definition of Condemn is amended and a new definition for Water Closet is added to Section 202 to read as follows:

Condemn. To adjudge unfit for occupancy or use.

Water Closet. A water flushed plumbing fixture designed to receive human waste directly from the user of the fixture.

H. Section 201.3 is amended to read as follows:

201.3 Terms defined in other codes. Where terms are not defined in this code and are defined in codes adopted under Title 15 of the City of Shoreline Municipal Code, such terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them as stated in those codes.

I. Section 202 definition for “cost of demolition or emergency repairs” is not adopted.

J. Section 301.1 is amended to read as follows:

301.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the minimum conditions and the responsibilities of persons for maintenance of structures, equipment, premises and exterior property.

K. Section 302.5 is amended to read as follows:

302.5 Rodent harborage. All structures and exterior property shall be kept free from rodent harborage and infestation in accordance with the King County Board of Health Code 8.06. Where rodents are found, they shall be promptly exterminated by approved process. After extermination, proper precautions shall be taken to eliminate rodent harborage and prevent reinfestation.

L. Section 302.8 is amended to read as follows:

302.8 Motor vehicles, recreational vehicles, and boats. Except as provided for in other regulations, no inoperative or unlicensed motor vehicle, recreational vehicle, or boat shall be parked, kept or stored on any premises, and no vehicle, recreational vehicle or boat shall at any time be in a state of major disassembly, disrepair, damaged to the extent it prevents normal operation, or in the process of being stripped or dismantled. Every motor vehicle, recreational vehicle or boat parked, kept or stored on any premises shall display current and valid registration tabs properly mounted in accordance with State of Washington rules and regulations. Painting of vehicles and boats is prohibited unless conducted inside an approved spray booth.

Any abatement of vehicles violating this section shall comply with SMC 20.30.750.

Exception: A vehicle of any type is permitted to undergo major overhaul, including body work, provided that such work is performed inside a structure or similarly enclosed area designed and approved for such purposes.

M. Section 309.1 is amended to read as follows:

309.1 Infestation. All structures shall be kept free from insect and rodent infestation in accordance with the King County Board of Health Code 8.06. All structures in which insects or rodents are found shall be promptly exterminated by approved processes. After extermination, proper precautions shall be taken to prevent reinfestation.

N. Sections 602.2 and 602.3 are amended to read as follows:

602.2 Residential occupancies. Dwellings shall be provided with permanently installed, safe, functioning heating facilities and an approved power or fuel supply system capable of maintaining a room temperature of 68°F (20°C) in all habitable rooms, bathrooms and toilet rooms. Cooking appliances shall not be used to provide space heating to meet the requirements of this section.

602.3 Heat supply. Every owner and operator of any building who rents, leases or lets one or more dwelling units, rooming units, dormitories or guestrooms on terms, either expressed or implied, to furnish heat to the occupants thereof shall supply heat during the period from October 1st to April 30th to maintain a temperature of not less than 65°F (18°C) in all habitable rooms, bathrooms, and toilet rooms.

Exception:

When the outdoor temperature is below the winter outdoor design temperature for the locality, maintenance of the minimum room temperature shall not be required provided that the heating system is operating at its full design capacity.

The winter outdoor design temperature for the locality shall be as indicated in the Plumbing Code adopted by the City of Shoreline.

[Ord. 761 § 1 (Exh. A), 2016; Ord. 672 § 5 (Exh. 5), 2013; Ord. 586 § 5 (Exh. 5), 2010]

15.05.080 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and Passenger Rail Systems (NFPA 130) amendments.

Reviser’s Note: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A of NFPA 130.

A. Section 1.1.1 is amended to read as follows:

1.1.1 This standard shall cover life safety from fire and fire protection requirements for new surface, and elevated fixed guideway transit and passenger rail systems, including, but not limited to, stations, trainways, emergency ventilation systems, vehicles, emergency procedures, communications, control systems and vehicle storage areas that are predominantly open to the atmosphere.

This standard as adopted and amended by the City of Shoreline, is the primary applicable standard, and other codes apply only as referenced herein, except that the fire marshal and/or building official shall have the authority to require design to other adopted codes where deemed appropriate. Wherever there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out the provisions of this standard, the fire marshal and building official shall have the authority to grant modifications for individual cases, upon application of the owner or owner’s representative, provided the fire marshal and/or building official shall first find that special individual reason makes the strict letter of this standard impractical and the modification is in compliance with the intent and purpose of this standard and that such modification does not lessen health, accessibility, life and fire safety, or structural requirements.

B. Section 1.1.3 is amended to read as follows:

1.1.3 This standard shall not cover requirements for the following:

(1) Conventional freight systems

(2) Buses and trolley coaches

(3) Circus trains

(4) Tourist, scenic, historic, or excursion operations

(5) Any other system of transportation not included in the definition of fixed guideway transit (see 3.3.52.1) or passenger rail (see 3.3.52.2) system

(6) Shelter stops

(7) Ancillary facilities such as parking structures or vehicle maintenance facilities

(8) Occupied building or structure areas not directly related to fixed guideway transit and passenger rail systems, as determined by the fire marshal and/or building official.

C. New Section 2.5 is added to read as follows:

2.5 Shoreline Municipal Code.

Construction and Building Codes (SMC 15.05)

D. Section 3.2.3 is amended to read as follows:

Section 3.2.3 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). City of Shoreline building official, fire marshal or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of the adopted codes.

E. Section 3.3.35 is amended to read as follows:

3.3.35 Point of Safety. A point of safety is one of the following: (1) an enclosed exit passageway as defined by the International Building Code 202 that leads to a public way or safe location outside the station, trainway, or vehicle; (2) an at-grade point not less than 50 feet beyond the vehicle, station, or trainway in accordance with International Building Code 1027.5; (3) any other approved location.

F. Section 5.1.2.3 is added to read as follows:

5.1.2.3 For the purposes of this standard application, boundaries shared by right of way entities shall not be construed as property lines.

G. New Sections 5.1.3.4, 5.1.3.5 and 5.1.3.6 are added to read as follows:

5.1.3.4 Fixed transportation facilities and stations shall comply with the applicable provisions of the International Building Code Appendix “E” Supplementary Accessibility Requirements Section, E109, Transportation Facilities and Stations.

5.1.3.5 Stations shall include the minimum number of plumbing fixtures in accordance with Section 2902.1 of the International Building Code.

5.1.3.6 Stations shall comply with applicable provisions of the Washington State Energy Code, International Mechanical Code, International Fuel Gas Code and Uniform Plumbing Code.

H. Section 5.2.1 is repealed in its entirety and replaced to read as follows:

5.2.1 Safeguards During Construction. During the course of construction or major modification of any structure, provisions of Chapter 33 of the International Fire Code and Chapter 33 of the International Building Code shall apply.

I. Section 5.2.2 is repealed in its entirety and replaced to read as follows:

5.2.2 Construction Type.

5.2.2.1 Building construction for all new enclosed stations shall be not less than Type I or Type II or combinations of Type I and Type II noncombustible construction as defined in Chapter 6 of the International Building Code, for the station configuration, or as determined by an engineering analysis of potential fire exposure hazards to the structure.

5.2.2.2 Other types of construction are permitted for open stations in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6 of the International Building Code for corresponding station configurations.

5.2.2.3 Where access for firefighting is restricted, standpipes sized to provide 500 gpm shall be provided. Hydraulic calculations shall be based on 500 gpm at 150 psi at the hydraulically most remote hose connection, with a simultaneous flow of 500 gpm at the next hydraulically most remote hose connection. The maximum calculated pressure at any point in the system shall not exceed 350 psi. Hose connection outlets shall be provided at maximum 200 feet spacing.

J. Section 5.2.4.3 is repealed in its entirety and replaced to read as follows:

5.2.4.3 Ancillary Spaces. Fire resistance ratings of separations between ancillary occupancies shall be established in accordance with Chapters 3, 5 & 7 of the International Building Code.

K. Section 5.3.1 is repealed in its entirety and replaced to read as follows:

5.3.1 General. The provisions for means of egress for a station shall comply with Section 5.3 and the following International Building Code provisions, as modified herein;

Maintenance of the means of egress (MOE) system; 1001.2, 1001.3, 1020.1

Ceiling height; 1003.2, 1009.5

Protruding objects and encroachment; 1003.3, 1005.7

Elevation changes; 1003.5

MOE system continuity; 1003.6, 1005.4, 1006

Posting the maximum occupant load; 1004.3, Posting the maximum occupant load sign is required in enclosed and elevated stations, in spaces with a total occupant load of 50 or more as determined by section 5.3.2.1, item (2).

Outdoor areas; 1004.5, except for at-grade stations

Multiple occupancies; 1004.6, 1007

Doors, gates, turnstiles and door hardware; 1010

Stairway design; 1011

Ramp design; 1012

General signage; 1007.9, 1007.10, 1010.1.9.3, 1010.1.9.7, 1010.1.9.8, 1023.9

Exit signs; 1013 Exception: Exit signs are not required for at-grade platform stations

Handrail design; 1003.5, 1005.7.2, 1029.15, 1009.15, 1012.8, 1012.10.2, 1014, 1015.3, 1025.2.3, 1029.6.1, 1029.9.1, 1029.12.1

Guard rail design; 1015

Boiler, incinerator, furnace, refrigeration machinery and refrigerated rooms; 1006.2.2.1 through 1006.2.2.3

Interior stairway and ramps; 1023

Exit passageways; 1024

L. Section 5.3.2.4 (1) is amended to read as follows:

5.3.2.4 (1) The occupant load for that area shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of the International Building Code as appropriate for the use.

M. New Section 5.3.2.4.1 is added to read as follows:

5.3.2.4.1 For the purpose of determining the number of required exits and the minimum egress width, the number of occupants computed at the rate of one occupant per unit of area as follows:

(1) 60 sq.ft. gross for mercantile

(2) 100 sq.ft. gross for business areas

(3) 300 sq.ft. gross for storage areas, and mechanical equipment rooms

(4) Occupant loads for other uses shall be determined by the building official

N. Section 5.3.9.1 is amended to read as follows:

5.3.9.1 Horizontal exits shall be in accordance with International Building Code section 1026.

O. Section 5.3.11 is repealed in its entirety and replaced to read as follows:

5.3.11 Means of Egress Lighting

5.3.11.1 Illumination levels of station means of egress shall not be less than 1 ft-candle at the walking surface.

P. Section 5.4.4.1* is amended to read as follows:

5.4.4.1 An automatic sprinkler protection system shall be provided in all areas of stations including that used for concessions, storage areas, trash rooms, and other similar areas with combustible loadings, except trainways.

Q. Section 5.4.4.2 is repealed in its entirety.

R. Section 5.4.5 is repealed in its entirety and replaced to read as follows:

5.4.5 Standpipe and Hose Systems. Standpipes shall comply with International Fire Code Section 905.

S. Section 5.4.6 is amended to read as follows:

5.4.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers. In back of house spaces only, provide portable fire extinguishers in such number, size, type, in accordance with International Fire Code Section 906.

T. Section 6.3.3.10 is amended to read as follows:

6.3.3.10 Exit stairs and doors shall comply with Chapter 10 of International Building Code, except as herein modified

U. Section 6.4.4.10 is amended to read as follows:

6.4.4.10 A fire department access road shall extend to within 75 ft. of the fire department connection.

V. Section 10.3.2 is amended to read as follows:

10.3.2 Emergency Responder radio coverage shall be provided throughout all stations and ancillary spaces in accordance with International Fire Code 510.1.

W. Section 10.6.1 is amended to read as follows:

10.6.1. All stations shall have a Public Address system for communicating with passengers and employees designed in accordance with Chapter 24 of NFPA 72. (For communication requirements for vehicles, see 8.9.2).

[Ord. 769 § 1, 2016; Ord. 761 § 2 (Exh. B), 2016]

15.05.090 Commercial energy code amendments.

NOTE: Only the following provisions of the 2018 Washington State Energy Code – Commercial, as adopted by the Washington State Building Code Council, in Washington State Register Issue WSR19-24-040, are added, amended, or deleted as provided in Exhibit B to the ordinance codified in this section. All other provisions of the Energy Code – Commercial remain as stated in WAC 51-11C.

AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 1 SCOPE AND ADMINISTRATION

SECTION C101

SCOPE AND GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Section C101.1 is amended to read as follows:

C101.1 Title. This code, consisting of Chapter 1 [CE] through Chapter 6 [CE] and Appendices A through D, shall be known as the Washington State Energy Code, and shall be cited as such. It is referred to herein as “this code.” The City expressly states that it does not adopt Appendices E and F.

Section C101.3 is amended to read as follows:

C101.3 Intent. This code shall regulate the design and construction of buildings for the use and conservation of energy and the reduction of carbon emissions over the life of each building within the City of Shoreline. This code is intended to provide flexibility to permit the use of innovative approaches and techniques to achieve this objective. This code is not intended to abridge safety, health or environmental requirements contained in other applicable codes or ordinances.

**********

SECTION C102

ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS, DESIGN AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT

Section C102.1 is amended to read as follows:

C102.1 General. The provisions of this code do not prevent the installation of any material, or to prohibit any design or method of construction prohibited by this code or not specifically allowed by this code, provided that any such alternative has been approved. An alternative material, design or method of construction shall be approved where the code official finds that the proposed design is satisfactory and complies with the intent of the provisions of this code, and that the material, method or work offered is, for the purpose intended, not less than the equivalent of that prescribed in this code in quality, strength, effectiveness, fire resistance, durability and safety. Where the alternative material, design or method of construction is not approved, the code official shall respond in writing, stating the reasons why the alternative was not approved.

The code official may require that sufficient evidence or proof be submitted to reasonably substantiate any claims regarding the use or suitability of the alternate. The code official may, but is not required to, record the approval of modifications and any relevant information in the files of the building official or on the approved permit plans.

A new section, Section C102.2 Modifications is added and shall read as follows:

C102.2 Modifications. The code official may modify the requirements of this code for individual cases provided the code official finds: (1) there are practical difficulties involved in carrying out the provisions of this code; (2) the modification is in conformity with the intent and purpose of this code; (3) the modification will provide a reasonable level of fire protection and structural integrity when considered together with other safety features of the building or other relevant circumstances, and (4) the modification maintains or improves the energy efficiency of the building. The code official may, but is not required to, record the approval of modifications and any relevant information in the files of the code official or on the approved permit plans.

AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 2 DEFINITIONS

SECTION C202 GENERAL DEFINITIONS

The following new definitions are added to Section C202 and shall read as follows:

AFFORDABLE HOUSING. Affordable housing for the purposes of this code shall have the same meaning as set forth in SMC Chapter 3.27 Property Tax Exemption, as amended, except for affordable housing located within the City’s MUR zoning districts. Affordable housing in the MUR zoning districts shall have the same meaning as set forth in SMC 20.40.325.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL DEVICE. A device capable of automatically turning loads off and on without manual intervention.

CONTROLLED RECEPTACLE. An electrical receptacle that is controlled by an automatic control device.

IT (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) ENERGY. Electrical energy consumed by UPS (uninterruptible power supply) units, servers, and associated electronic data storage and data processing equipment, but not by lighting or HVAC equipment.

MULTI-PASS. A heat pump water heater control strategy requiring multiple passes of water through the heat pump to reach the final target storage water temperature.

SINGLE-PASS. A heat pump water heater control strategy using variable flow or variable capacity to deliver water from the heat pump at the final target storage water temperature in a single pass through the heat exchanger with variable incoming water temperatures.

SOLAR ZONE. A clear area or areas reserved solely for current and future installation of photovoltaic or solar hot water systems.

TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE. The system used to maintain the temperature of the building domestic hot water delivery system, typically by circulation and reheating or by a heat trace system.

The following EXISTING definitions are amended to read as follows:

ATTIC AND OTHER ROOFS. Roofs other than roofs with insulation entirely above deck and metal building roofs, including roofs with insulation entirely below (inside of) the roof structure (i.e., attics, cathedral ceilings, and single-rafter ceilings), roofs with insulation both above and below the roof structure, and roofs without insulation.

BUILDING ENTRANCE. Any doorway, set of doors, revolving door, vestibule, or other form of portal (including elevator doors such as in parking garages) that is ordinarily used to gain access to the building or to exit from the building by its users and occupants. This does not include doors solely used to directly enter mechanical, electrical, and other building utility service equipment rooms, or doors for emergency egress only. Where buildings have separate one-way doors to enter and leave, this also includes any doors ordinarily used to leave the building.

COMPUTER ROOM. A room whose primary function is to house equipment for the processing and storage of electronic data and that has a design total information technology equipment (ITE) equipment load less than or equal to 20 watts per square foot of conditioned floor area (215 watts/m2) or a design ITE equipment load less than or equal to 10 kW. See also data center.

CONDITIONED SPACE. An area, room or space that is enclosed within the building thermal envelope and that is directly heated or cooled or that is indirectly heated or cooled. Spaces are indirectly heated or cooled where they communicate through openings with conditioned spaces, where they are separated from conditioned spaces by uninsulated walls, floors or ceilings, or where they contain uninsulated ducts, piping or other sources of heating or cooling. Elevator shafts, stair enclosures, enclosed corridors connecting conditioned spaces, and enclosed spaces through which conditioned air is transferred at a rate exceeding three air changes per hour are considered conditioned spaces for the purposes of the building thermal envelope requirements.

CONTINUOUS INSULATION (CI). Insulating material that is continuous across all structural members without metal thermal bridges other than fasteners that have a total cross-sectional area not greater than 0.04 percent (0.12 percent where all metal thermal bridges are stainless steel) of the envelope surface through which they penetrate, and service openings. It is installed on the interior or exterior or is integral to any opaque surface of the building envelope.

CONTROLLED PLANT GROWTH ENVIRONMENT. Group F and U buildings or spaces that are used exclusively for and specifically controlled to facilitate and enhance plant growth and production by manipulating various indoor environmental conditions. Technologies include indoor agriculture, cannabis growing, hydroponics, aquaculture and aquaponics. Controlled indoor environment variables include, but are not limited to, temperature, air quality, humidity and carbon dioxide.

LUMINAIRE-LEVEL LIGHTING CONTROL. A lighting system consisting of one or more luminaires where each luminaire has embedded lighting control logic, occupancy and ambient light sensors, and local override switching capability, where required. Each luminaire shall also have local or central wireless networking capabilities to detect and share information with other luminaires to adjust to occupancy and/or daylight in the space.

MASS TRANSFER DECK SLAB. A concrete slab designed to transfer structural load from the building perimeter wall or column line above, laterally to an offset wall or column line below, and which has conditioned or semi-heated space on the inside of the upper wall and exterior or unconditioned space on the outside of the upper wall. The area of the slab edge shall be defined as the thickness of the slab multiplied by the length of the edge condition. Examples of this condition include, but are not limited to, the transition from an above-grade structure to a below-grade structure or the transition from a tower to a podium. A cantilevered concrete balcony does not constitute a mass transfer deck slab.

SPACE CONDITIONING CATEGORY Categories are based on the allowed peak space conditioning output capacity per square foot of conditioned floor area, or the design set point temperature, for a building or space. Space conditioning categories include: low energy, semi-heated, conditioned, refrigerated walk-in and warehouse coolers, and refrigerated walk-in and warehouse freezers.

AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION C302 DESIGN CONDITIONS

Section C302.2 is amended to read as follows:

C302.2 Exterior design conditions. The heating or cooling outdoor design temperatures shall be 24°F for heating and 86°F dry bulb and 67°F wet bulb for cooling.

AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 4 COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY

SECTION C401 GENERAL

Section 401.2 is amended to read as follows:

C401.2 Application. Commercial buildings and their building site shall comply with one of the following:

1. Prescriptive Path. The requirements of all of Chapter 4, other than Sections C401.3, C407, and C407FF;

2. Total Building Performance Path. The requirements of Section C407;

3. Appendix F is not adopted by the City;

4. Fossil Fuel Compliance Path. The requirements of Section C401.3; or

5. Fossil Fuel Total Building Performance Path. The requirements of Section C407FF

Section C401.3 Fossil Fuel Compliance Path is deleted in its entirety and replaced with the following:

C401.3 Fossil fuel compliance path. Buildings complying with the fossil fuel compliance path shall comply with the prescriptive compliance path of this code as defined in Item 1 of Section C401.2, and as modified by this Section C401.3.

C401.3.1 Modification of code requirements. For use of this compliance path only, the following changes shall be made to this code:

1. Section C403.1.4 – Space heating. Strike the phrase “...or fossil fuel combustion...” from the first sentence of Section C403.1.4.

2. Section C404.2.3 – Service water heating. Revise the first sentence of Section C404.2.3 to read: “Service hot water shall be provided by fossil fuel water heating equipment, electric air-source heat pump water heating equipment, electric resistance water heating equipment, or a combination of these equipment types meeting the requirements of this section.”

3. Section C406.2.5 – Renewable energy. When determining renewable energy credits in Equation 4-17 of Section C406.2.5, strike the phrase “...limited to 50 percent of the required credits in Section C406.1” in the definition of the factor AECRRa.

4. Table C406.2 – Efficiency measure credits. Use credit values from Table C406.2(2), appended to this amendment, in place of Table C406.2(1) credit values.

C401.3.2 Fossil fuel equipment. Fossil fuel combustion appliances are permitted for HVAC heating, and shall comply with the applicable efficiency standards referenced in Section C403.3.2. Fossil fuel combustion appliances are permitted for service water heating, and shall comply with applicable efficiency standards referenced in Table C404.2.

C401.3.3 Additional efficiency credits. The number of additional efficiency credits required by Table C406.1 shall be increased by the number required in Table C401.3.3, modified as permitted in this section, and is in addition to the energy efficiency credits required by Section C406.

EXCEPTION: The required number of space heating additional efficiency credits are permitted to be reduced in the following instances:

1. Low energy spaces in accordance with Section C402.1.1.1 that are served by space heating systems shall comply with sufficient measures from Table C406.2(1) or Table C406.2(2) to achieve a minimum of 50 percent of the efficiency credits required for new construction by Table C401.3.3, modified as permitted in this section.

2. Building additions that have less than 1,000 square feet of conditioned floor area and that comply with sufficient measures from Table C406.2(2) to achieve a minimum of 50 percent of the additional efficiency credits required for additions by Table C401.3.3, modified as permitted in this section.

3. Semi-heated spaces in accordance with Section C402.1.1.2 that comply with sufficient measures from Table C406.2(2) to achieve a minimum of 50 percent of the space heating additional efficiency credits required by Table C401.3.3, modified as permitted in this section.

4. Unconditioned spaces, open parking garages and unheated enclosed parking garages are not required to achieve the additional efficiency credits for space heating required by Table C401.3.3.

TABLE C401.3.3
ADDITIONAL CREDITS REQUIRED
Measure Title	Applicable Section	R-1	R-2	B	E	M	All other
New building – Additional efficiency credits required for space heating systems using the fossil fuel pathway	C401.3.3.1	7	24	101	38	111	56
New building – Additional efficiency credits required for service water heating systems using the fossil fuel pathway	C401.3.3.2	198	212	27	17	79	107
Building additions – Additional efficiency credits required for space heating systems using the fossil fuel pathway	C401.3.3.1	4	12	51	19	56	28
Building additions – Additional efficiency credits required for service water heating sys-tems using the fossil fuel pathway	C401.3.3.1	99	106	14	9	40	54

C401.3.3.1 HVAC credit modification. The number of HVAC heating energy efficiency credits required by Table C401.3.3 is permitted to be decreased according to the following equation:

CR = A x (B-C)/D

Where:

CR = additional credits required, rounded to the nearest whole number

A = baseline HVAC heating credits from Table C401.3.3

B = installed fossil fuel space heating capacity in kBTU/h of appliances that comply with any of the exceptions to Section C403.1.4

C = total installed fossil fuel space heating capacity in kBTU/h of all HVAC heating appliances

D = Total capacity in kBTU/h of all types of space heating appliances.

C401.3.3.2 Service water heating credit modification. The number of service water heating energy efficiency credits required by Table C401.3.3 is permitted to be decreased according to the following equation:

CR = A x (B-C)/D

Where:

CR = additional credits required, rounded to the nearest whole number

A = baseline credits from Table C401.3.3

B = installed service water heating appliances capacity in kBTU/h of service water heating appliances that comply with any of the exceptions to Section C404.2.1

C = total installed fossil fuel service water heating capacity in kBTU/h of all service water heating appliances

D = Total capacity in kBTU/h of all types of service water heating appliances.

C401.3.4 Renewable energy credit limit. No more than 80 percent of the efficiency credits required by Sections C401.3.3.1 and C401.3.3.2 are permitted to be Renewable Energy credits defined in Section C406.5.

C401.3.5 Discrete area-weighted project compliance. In addition to the area-weighted credit requirements in Section C406.1, where a building includes multiple occupancies, the additional required credits per Table C401.3.3 shall be determined separately for each occupancy group. Additional required credits shall be prorated on an area-weighted basis for each occupancy group in the same manner as required project credits per Section C406.1.

1. Where a single space heating or service water heating system serves multiple occupancies, the number of additional required credits shall be prorated on an area-weighted basis for each occupancy served.

2. Additional required credits for envelope systems shall be prorated on an area-weighted basis for all occupancies.

3. Occupancies are permitted to be subdivided into discrete areas, with required and achieved credits for each area prorated on an area-weighted basis as required for the occupancy group.

C401.3.6 Electrification readiness. Additionally, the following provisions shall be required for new construction for each fossil fuel space heating or service water heating appliance installed:

1. Provide a spare electrical branch circuit conduit to the location of a future replacement heat pump appliance to support an equivalent heating capacity.

2. Provide spare electrical service entrance conduits for the purpose of upgrading the main electrical service to support all heat pump appliances throughout the building.

3. The main electrical room has sufficient space to accommodate increasing the main electrical service’s size to support all heat pump appliances throughout the building.

4. Additional accommodations for the equipment comprised of transformer(s) and other equipment necessary to support an electrical service upgrade. These accommodations shall include adequate space on the site. If the equipment is located in a transformer vault, that vault must include not only the space to support electrical service upgrade but also include accommodations for additional cooling for larger transformer(s).

**********

SECTION C402

BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS

Section 402.1 General is amended to include the following Informative Note:

C402.1 General.

City Informative Note: For the application of the building envelope requirements to elevator shafts and stair enclosures, see the definition of conditioned space in Chapter 2 and the exception to Section C402.1.3.

Section 402.1.12 is amended to read as follows:

C402.1.1.2 Semi-heated buildings and spaces. The building envelope of semi-heated buildings, or portions thereof, shall comply with the same requirements as that for conditioned

spaces in Section C402, except as modified by this section. The total installed output capacity of mechanical space conditioning systems serving a semi-heated building or space shall comply with Section C202, except as modified by this section. Building envelope assemblies separating conditioned space from semi-heated space shall comply with the exterior envelope insulation requirements. Semi-heated spaces heated by mechanical systems that do not include electric resistance heating equipment are not required to comply with the opaque wall insulation provisions of Section C402.2.3 for walls that separate semi-heated spaces from the exterior or low energy spaces. Fenestration that forms part of the building thermal envelope enclosing semi-heated spaces shall comply with Section C402.4. Semi-heated spaces shall be calculated separately from other conditioned spaces for compliance purposes.

Opaque walls in semi-heated spaces shall be calculated as fully code compliant opaque walls for both the target and proposed for the Target UA calculations for the component performance alternative in Section C402.1.5, and for the Baseline Building Design for Total Building Performance compliance per Section C407. The capacity of heat trace temperature maintenance systems complying with Section C404.7.2 that are provided for freeze protection of piping and equipment only, shall not be included in the total installed output capacity of mechanical space conditioning systems.

Exception: Building or space may comply as semi-heated when served by the following system alternative:

1. Electric infrared heating equipment for localized heating applications controlled by occupant sensing devices in compliance with Section C403.11.1.

City Informative Note: There is no separate “freeze protection” space conditioning category for unoccupied utility buildings. Spaces with no cooling and less than 3.4 BTU/h-ft2 heating capacity are not required to be insulated. The opaque walls of spaces that meet the definition of “semiheated” in Chapter 2 are not required to be insulated, but otherwise the thermal envelope of semiheated spaces must meet all requirements for conditioned space. Spaces with any mechanical cooling or with more than 8 BTU/h-ft2 heating capacity must meet all the building thermal envelope requirements for conditioned space.

Section C402.1.3 is amended to read as follows:

C402.1.3 Insulation component R-value method. Building thermal envelope opaque assemblies shall comply with the requirements of Section C402.2 based on the climate zone specified in Chapter 3. For opaque portions of the building thermal envelope intended to comply on an insulation component R-value basis, the R-values for insulation shall not be less than that specified in Table C402.1.3. Commercial buildings or portions of commercial buildings enclosing Group R occupancies shall use the R-values from the "Group R" column of Table C402.1.3. Commercial buildings or portions of commercial buildings enclosing occupancies other than Group R shall use the R-values from the "All other" column of Table C402.1.3.

Exception: For stair and elevator shafts that do not comply with Section C402.1.2.1 and that are located within enclosed garages or other enclosed non-conditioned spaces and without conditioned supply air or cooling or heating appliances rated higher than 2 kW in any shaft, walls enclosing the shafts are permitted to be:

1. Concrete or masonry with minimum R-5 continuous insulation;

2. Metal studs with R-15 cavity insulation and without continuous insulation; or

3. Other assemblies with a maximum U-value of 0.120.

Slab floors, intermediate mass floor edges and elevator pits within shafts using this exception are excluded from envelope insulation requirements. Shaft surfaces using this exception shall not be included in the gross exterior wall area for purposes of maximum fenestration area calculations in Section C402.4.1 component performance calculations in Section C402.1.5, or for the total building performance calculation of Section C407.

Table C402.1.3 is amended to read as follows:

Keys for Table C402.1.3

For SI: 1 inch .= 25.4 mm. ci .= Continuous insulation. NR .= No requirement. LS .= Liner system

Footnotes for Table C402.1.3

a. Assembly descriptions can be found in Chapter 2 and Appendix A.

b. Where using R-value compliance method, a thermal spacer block with minimum thickness of ½ inch and minimum R-value of R-3.5 shall be provided, otherwise use the U-factor compliance method in Table C402.1.4.

c. (Reserved)

d. Where heated slabs are below grade, they shall comply with the insulation requirements for heated slabs.

e. (Reserved)

f. “Mass floors” shall include floors weighing not less than:

1. 35 pounds per square foot of floor surface area; or

2. 25 pounds per square foot of floor surface area where the material weight is not more than 120 pounds per cubic foot.

g. Not applicable to garage doors. See Table C402.1.4.

h. Peripheral edges of intermediate concrete floors are included in the above grade mass wall category and therefore must be insulated as above grade mass walls unless they meet the definition of Mass Transfer Deck Slab Edge. The area of the peripheral edges of concrete floors shall be defined as the thickness of the slab multiplied by the perimeter length of the edge condition. See Table A103.3.7.2 for typical default u-factors for above grade slab edges and footnote c for typical conditions of above grade slab edges.

i. Where the total area of through-wall mechanical equipment is greater than 1 percent of the opaque above-grade wall area, use of the R-value method is not permitted. See Section C402.1.4.2.

j. For roof, wall or floor assemblies where the proposed assembly would not be continuous insulation, alternate nominal R-value compliance options for assemblies with isolated metal fasteners that penetrate otherwise continuous insulation are as shown in Columns B and C of Table C402.1.3(i):

Table C402.1.3(j) is amended to read as follows:

Footnotes for Table C402.1.3(j)

These alternate nominal R-value compliance options are allowed for projects complying with all of the following:

1. The ratio of the cross-sectional area, as measured in the plane of the surface, of metal penetrations of otherwise continuous insulation to the opaque surface area of the assembly is greater than 0.0004 (0.04%), but less than 0.0008 (0.08%), for use of Column B equivalents, and greater than or equal to 0.0008 (0.08%), but less than 0.0012 (0.12%), for use of Column C equivalents.

a. Where all metal penetrations are stainless steel, Column B is permitted to be used for penetrations greater than 0.12% but less than 0.24% of opaque surface area, and Column C is permitted to be used for penetrations greater than or equal to 0.24% but less than 0.48% of opaque surface area.

2. The metal penetrations of otherwise continuous insulation are isolated or discontinuous (e.g., brick ties or other discontinuous metal attachments, offset brackets supporting shelf angles that allow insulation to go between the shelf angle and the primary portions of the wall structure). No continuous metal elements (e.g., metal studs, z-girts, z-channels, shelf angles) penetrate the otherwise continuous portion of the insulation.

3. Building permit drawings shall contain details showing the locations and dimensions of all the metal penetrations (e.g., brick ties or other discontinuous metal attachments, offset brackets, etc.) of otherwise continuous insulation. In addition, calculations shall be provided showing the ratio of the cross-sectional area of metal penetrations of otherwise continuous insulation to the overall opaque wall area.

For other cases where the proposed assembly is not continuous insulation, see Section C402.1.4 for determination of U-factors for assemblies that include metal other than screws and nails.

Section C402.1.4.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.1.4.1 Thermal resistance of cold-formed steel stud walls. U-factors of walls with cold-formed steel studs shall be permitted to be determined either by using the values in Table C402.1.4.1, or in accordance with Equation 4-1:

U = 1/[Rs + (ER)] (Equation 4-1)

where:

Rs = The cumulative R-value of the wall components along the path of heat transfer, excluding the cavity insulation and steel studs.

ER = The effective R-value of the cavity insulation with steel studs.

A new section, Section C402.1.4.2 is added and shall read as follows:

C402.1.4.2 Thermal resistance of mechanical equipment penetrations. When the total area of penetrations from through-wall mechanical equipment or equipment listed in Table C403.3.2(3) exceeds 1 percent of the opaque above-grade wall area, the mechanical equipment penetration area shall be calculated as a separate wall assembly with a default U-factor of 0.5. Mechanical system ducts and louvers, including those for supply, exhaust and relief, and for condenser air intake and outlet, are not considered to be mechanical equipment for the purposes of this section.

Exception: Where mechanical equipment has been tested in accordance with approved testing standards, the mechanical equipment penetration area is permitted to be calculated as a separate wall assembly using the U-factor determined by such test.

Table C402.1.4 is amended to read as follows:

Footnotes for Table C402.1.4

a. Use of opaque assembly U-factors, C-factors, and F-factors from Appendix A is required unless otherwise allowed by Section C402.1.4.

b. (Reserved)

c. Heated slab F-factors shall be determined specifically for heated slabs. Unheated slab factors shall not be used.

d. (Reserved)

e. “Mass floors” shall include floors weighing not less than:

35 pounds per square foot of floor surface area; or 25 pounds per square foot of floor surface area where the material weight is not more than 120 pounds per cubic foot.

f. Opaque assembly U-factors based on designs tested in accordance with ASTM C1363 shall be permitted. The R-value of continuous insulation shall be permitted to be added or subtracted from the original test design.

g. Peripheral edges of intermediate concrete floors are included in the above grade mass wall category and therefore must be insulated as above grade mass walls unless they meet the definition of Mass Transfer Deck Slab Edge. The area of the peripheral edges of concrete floors shall be defined as the thickness of the slab multiplied by the perimeter length of the edge condition. See Table A103.3.7.2 for typical default u-factors for above grade slab edges and footnote c for typical conditions of above grade slab edges.

h. Intermediate concrete floor slabs penetrating the building thermal envelope shall comply with Section C402.2.9. The area of such penetrating concrete floor slabs shall be defined as the thickness of the slab multiplied by the length of the penetration. The “exposed concrete” row in Table A103.3.7.2 shall be used for typical default U-factors for the penetrating concrete slab.

i. Value applies to concrete columns and concrete walls that interrupt mass floor insulation, but not to perimeter walls or columns separating interior conditioned space from exterior space.

j. A mass transfer deck, due to its configuration, is not insulated. The table value (U-0.20) shall be used as the baseline value for component performance or total building performance path calculations. For the proposed value, the appropriate value from the top line of Table A104.3.7.2 shall be used.

k. Through-wall mechanical equipment subject to Section C402.1.4.2 shall be calculated at the U-factor defined in Section C402.1.4.2. The area-weighted U-factor of the wall, including through-wall mechanical equipment, shall not exceed the value in the table.

Section C402.1.5 is amended to read as follows:

C402.1.5 Component performance alternative. Building envelope values and fenestration areas determined in accordance with Equation 4-2 shall be permitted in lieu of compliance with the U-factors and F-factors in Table C402.1.4 and C402.4 and the maximum allowable fenestration areas in Section C402.4.1.

For buildings with more than one space conditioning category, component performance compliance shall be demonstrated separately for each space conditioning category. Interior partition ceilings, walls, fenestration and floors that separate space conditioning areas shall be applied to the component performance calculations for the space conditioning category with the highest level of space conditioning.

Section C402.1.5.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.1.5.1 Component U-factors and F-factors. The U-factors and F-factors for typical construction assemblies are included in Chapter 3 and Appendix A. These values shall be used for all calculations. Where proposed construction assemblies are not represented in Chapter 3 or Appendix A, values shall be calculated in accordance with the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, using the framing factors listed in Appendix A.

For envelope assemblies containing metal framing, the U-factor shall be determined by one of the following methods:

1. Results of laboratory measurements according to acceptable methods of test.

2. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals where the metal framing is bonded on one or both sides to a metal skin or covering.

3. The zone method as provided in ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

4. Effective framing/cavity R-values as provided in Appendix A. When return air ceiling plenums are employed, the roof/ceiling assembly shall:

a. For thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper nor the plenum space as part of the assembly; and

b. For gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper plenum surface.

5. Tables in ASHRAE 90.1 Normative Appendix A.

6. Calculation method for steel-framed walls in accordance with Section C402.1.4.1 and Table C402.1.4.1.

Section C402.2 is amended to read as follows:

C402.2 Specific building thermal envelope insulation requirements. Insulation in building thermal envelope opaque assemblies shall comply with Sections C402.2.1 through C402.2.10 and Table C402.1.3.

Where this section refers to installing insulation levels as specified in Section C402.1.3, assemblies complying with Section C402.1.4 and buildings complying with Section C402.1.5 are allowed to install alternate levels of insulation so long as the U-factor of the insulated assembly is less than or equal to the U-factor required by the respective path.

Section C402.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.2.1 Roof assembly. The minimum thermal resistance (R-value) of the insulating material installed either between the roof framing or continuously on the roof assembly shall be as specified in Table C402.1.3, based on construction materials used in the roof assembly. Continuous insulation board shall be installed in not less than 2 layers and the edge joints between each layer of insulation shall be staggered. Insulation installed on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling tiles shall not be considered part of the minimum thermal resistance of the roof insulation.

Exceptions:

1. Continuously insulated roof assemblies where the thickness of insulation varies 1 inch (25 mm) or less and where the area-weighted U-factor is equivalent to the same assembly with the R-value specified in Table C402.1.3.

2. (Reserved)

3. Two layers of insulation are not required where insulation tapers to the roof deck, such as at roof drains. At roof drains, the immediate 24” x 24” plan area around each roof drain has a minimum insulation requirement of R-13, but otherwise is permitted to be excluded from roof insulation area- weighted calculations.

A new section, Section C402.2.9 is added and shall read as follows:

C402.2.9 Above-grade exterior concrete slabs. Above-grade concrete slabs that penetrate the building thermal envelope, including but not limited to decks and balconies, shall each include a minimum R-10 thermal break, aligned with the primary insulating layer in the adjoining wall assemblies. Stainless steel (but not carbon steel) reinforcing bars are permitted to penetrate the thermal break. If the Total Building Performance path or the component performance alternative in Section C402.1.5 is utilized and the thermal break required by this section is not provided where concrete slabs penetrate the building thermal envelope, the sectional area of the penetration shall be assigned the default U-factors from the “exposed concrete” row of Table A103.3.7.2.

Exception: Mass transfer deck slab edges.

A new section, Section C402.2.10 is added and shall read as follows:

C402.2.10 Vertical fenestration intersection with opaque walls. Vertical fenestration shall comply with items 1, 2 and 3, as applicable:

1. Where wall assemblies include continuous insulation, the exterior glazing layer of vertical fenestration and any required thermal break in the frame shall each be aligned within 2 inches laterally of either face of the continuous insulation layer.

2. Where wall assemblies do not include continuous insulation, the exterior glazing layer of vertical fenestration and any required thermal break in the frame shall each be aligned within the thickness of the wall insulation layer and not more than 2 inches laterally from the exterior face of the outermost insulation layer.

3. Where the exterior face of the vertical fenestration frame does not extend to the exterior face of the opaque wall rough opening, the exposed exterior portion of the rough opening shall be covered with either a material having an R-value not less than R-3, or with minimum 1.5-inch thickness wood.

Section C402.4 is amended to read as follows:

C402.4 Fenestration. Fenestration shall comply with Sections C402.4 through C402.4.4 and Table C402.4. Daylight responsive controls shall comply with this section and Section C405.2.4.

Exception: For prescriptive envelope compliance, single-pane glazing is permitted for security purposes and for revolving doors, not to exceed 1 percent of the gross exterior wall area. Where Section C402.1.5, component performance alternative, is used, the single glazing shall be included in the percentage of the total glazing area, U-factor and SHGC requirements.

Table C402.4 is amended to read as follows:

Footnotes for Table C402.4

a. U-factor and SHGC shall be rated in accordance with NFRC 100.

b. "Fixed" includes curtain wall, storefront, picture windows, and other fixed windows.

c. "Operable" includes openable fenestration products other than "entrance doors."

d. "Entrance door" includes glazed swinging entrance doors and automatic glazed sliding entrance doors. Other doors which are not entrance doors, including manually operated sliding glass doors, are considered “operable.”

e. “N” indicates vertical fenestration oriented within 30 degrees of true north. “SEW” indicates orientations other than “N.”

f. Fenestration that is entirely within the conditioned space or is between conditioned and other enclosed space is exempt from solar heat gain coefficient requirements and not included in the SHGC calculation.

City Informative Note: The category at the top of Table C402.4, labeled “U-factor for Class AW windows rated in accordance with AAMA/CSA101/I.S.2/A440, vertical curtain walls and site-built fenestration products,” includes curtain wall, storefront, ribbon wall, window wall, and similar site-assembled systems, but does not include typical punched-opening manufactured windows except for “Class AW” windows. Class AW is the AAMA designation for windows typically used in mid-rise and high-rise buildings to resist high wind and water intrusion loads.

Section C402.4.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.4.1 Maximum area. The total building vertical fenestration area (not including opaque doors and opaque spandrel panels) shall not exceed 35 percent of the total building gross above-grade wall area. The skylight area shall not exceed 5 percent of the total building gross roof area (skylight-to-roof ratio).

For buildings with more than one space conditioning category, compliance with the maximum allowed window-to-wall ratio and skylight-to-roof ratio shall be demonstrated separately for each space conditioning category. Interior partition ceiling, wall, fenestration and floor areas that separate space conditioning areas shall not be applied to the window-to-wall ratio and skylight-to-roof ratio calculations.

Section C402.4.1.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.4.1.1 Vertical fenestration maximum area with high performance alternates. For buildings that comply with Section C402.4.1.1.1 or C402.4.1.1.2, the total building vertical fenestration area is permitted to exceed 35 percent but shall not exceed 40 percent of the gross above grade wall area for the purpose of prescriptive compliance with Section C402.1.4.

When determining compliance using the component performance alternative in accordance with Section C402.1.5, the total building vertical fenestration area allowed in Equation 4-2 is 40 percent of the above grade wall area for buildings that comply with the vertical fenestration alternates described in this section.

Section C402.4.1.1.2 is amended to read as follows:

C402.4.1.1.2 High-performance fenestration. All of the following requirements shall be met:

1. All vertical fenestration in the building shall comply with the following maximum U-factors:

a. U-factor for Class AW windows rated in accordance with AAMA/CSA101/I.S.2/A440, vertical curtain walls and site-built fenestration products (fixed) = 0.30

b. U-factor for Class AW windows rated in accordance with AAMA/CSA101/I.S.2/A440, vertical curtain walls and site-built fenestration products (operable) = 0.36

c. Entrance doors = 0.60

d. U-factor for all other vertical fenestration, fixed = 0.22

e. U-factor for all other vertical fenestration, operable = 0.24

2. The SHGC of the vertical fenestration shall be no more than 0.90 times the maximum SHGC values listed in Table C402.4.

An area-weighted average shall be permitted to satisfy the U-factor requirement for each fenestration product category listed in Item 1 of this section. Individual fenestration products from different fenestration product categories shall not be combined in calculating the area-weighted average U-factor.

Section C402.4.2 is amended to read as follows:

C402.4.2 Minimum skylight fenestration area. For buildings with single story enclosed spaces greater than 2,500 square feet (232 m2) in floor area that are directly under a roof and have a ceiling height greater than 15 feet (4572 mm) for no less than 75 percent of the ceiling area; these single-story spaces shall be provided with skylights and daylight responsive controls in accordance with Section C405.2.4. Space types required to comply with this provision include office, lobby, atrium, concourse, corridor, gymnasium/exercise center, convention center, automotive service, manufacturing, nonrefrigerated warehouse, retail store, distribution/sorting area, transportation, and workshop. Skylights in these spaces are required to provide a total toplit zone area not less than 50 percent of the floor area and shall provide one of the following:

1. A minimum ratio of skylight area to toplit daylight zone area of not less than 3 percent where all skylights have a VT of at least 0.40 as determined in accordance with Section C303.1.3.

2. A minimum skylight effective aperture of at least 1 percent determined in accordance with Equation 4-5.

Where:

Skylight area = Total fenestration area of skylights.

Skylight VT = Area weighted average visible transmittance of skylights.

WF = Area weighted average well factor, where well factor is 0.9 if light well depth is less than 2 feet (610 mm), or 0.7 if light well depth is 2 feet (610 mm) or greater, or 1.0 for tubular daylighting devices with VT-annual ratings measured according to NFRC 203.

Light well depth = Measure vertically from the underside of the lowest point of the skylight glazing to the ceiling plane under the skylight.

Exceptions:

1. Skylights above daylight zones of enclosed spaces are not required in:

1.1. Reserved.

1.2. Spaces where the designed general lighting power densities are less than 0.5 W/ft2 (5.4 W/m2) and at least 10 percent lower than the lighting power allowance in Section C405.4.2.

1.3. Areas where it is documented that existing structures or natural objects block direct beam sunlight on at least half of the roof over the enclosed area for more than 1,500 daytime hours per year between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m.

1.4. Spaces where the daylight zone under rooftop monitors is greater than 50 percent of the enclosed space floor area.

1.5. Spaces where the total floor area minus the sidelit zone area is less than 2,500 square feet (232 m2), and where the lighting in the daylight zone is controlled in accordance with Section C405.2.4.

2. The skylight effective aperture, calculated in accordance with Equation 4-5, is permitted to be 0.66 percent in lieu of one percent if the VT-annual of the skylight or TDD, as measured by NFRC 203, is greater than 38 percent.

Section C402.4.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.4.2.1 Lighting controls in daylight zones under skylights. Daylight responsive controls complying with Section C405.2.4 shall be provided to control all electric lights within toplit zones.

Section C402.5.1.1 is amended to read as follows:

C402.5.1.1 Air barrier construction. The continuous air barrier shall be constructed to comply with the following:

1. The air barrier shall be continuous for all assemblies that are the thermal envelope of the building and across the joints and assemblies.

2. Air barrier joints and seams shall be sealed, including sealing transitions in places and changes in materials. The joints and seals shall be securely installed in or on the joint for its entire length so as not to dislodge, loosen or otherwise impair its ability to resist positive and negative pressure from wind, stack effect and mechanical ventilation.

3. Penetrations of the air barrier shall be caulked, gasketed or otherwise sealed in a manner compatible with the construction materials and location. Sealing shall allow for expansion, contraction and mechanical vibration. Joints and seams associated with penetrations shall be sealed in the same manner or taped. Sealing materials shall be securely installed around the penetrations so as not to dislodge, loosen or otherwise impair the penetrations’ ability to resist positive and negative pressure from wind, stack effect, and mechanical ventilation. Sealing of concealed fire sprinklers, where required, shall be in a manner that is recommended by the manufacturer. Caulking or other adhesive sealants shall not be used to fill voids between fire sprinkler cover plates and walls or ceilings.

4. Recessed lighting fixtures shall comply with Section C402.5.8. Where similar objects are installed which penetrate the air barrier, provisions shall be made to maintain the integrity of the air barrier.

5. Construction documents shall contain a diagram showing the building’s pressure boundary in plan(s) and section(s) and a calculation of the area of the pressure boundary to be considered in the test.

City Informative Note: The continuous air barrier is intended to control the air leakage into and out of the conditioned space. The definition of conditioned space includes semi-heated spaces, so these spaces are included when detailing the continuous air barrier and when determining the pressure boundary for conducting the air leakage test. However, unheated spaces are not included when determining the pressure boundary.

Section C402.5.1.2 is amended to read as follows:

C402.5.1.2 Building test. The completed building shall be tested and the air leakage rate of the building envelope shall not exceed 0.25 cfm/ft2 at a pressure differential of 0.3 inches water gauge (1.27 L/s x m2 at 75 Pa) at the upper 95 percent confidence interval in accordance with ASTM E 779 or an equivalent method approved by the code official. A report that includes the tested surface area, floor area, air by volume, stories above grade, and leakage rates shall be submitted to the building owner and the code official. If the tested rate exceeds that defined here by up to 0.15 cfm/ft2, a visual inspection of the air barrier shall be conducted and any leaks noted shall be sealed to the extent practicable. An additional report identifying the corrective actions taken to seal air leaks shall be submitted to the building owner and the Code Official and any further requirement to meet the leakage air rate will be waived. If the tested rate exceeds 0.40 cfm/ft2, corrective actions must be made and the test completed again. A test above 0.40 cfm/ft2 will not be accepted.

1. Test shall be accomplished using either (1) both pressurization and depressurization or (2) pressurization alone, but not depressurization alone. The test results shall be plotted against the correct P for pressurization in accordance with Section 9.4 of ASTM E779.

2. The test pressure range shall be from 25 Pa to 80 Pa per Section 8.10 of ASTM E779, but the upper limit shall not be less than 50 Pa, and the difference between the upper and lower limit shall not be less than 25 Pa.

3. If the pressure exponent n is less than 0.45 or greater than 0.85 per Section 9.6.4 of ASTM E779, the test shall be rerun with additional readings over a longer time interval.

Section C402.5.7 is amended to read as follows:

C402.5.7 Vestibules. All building entrances shall be protected with an enclosed vestibule, with all doors opening into and out of the vestibule equipped with self-closing devices. Vestibules shall be designed so that in passing through the vestibule it is not necessary for the interior and exterior doors to open at the same time. The installation of one or more revolving doors in the building entrance shall not eliminate the requirement that a vestibule be provided on any doors adjacent to revolving doors. For the purposes of this section, “building entrances” shall include exit-only doors in buildings where separate doors for entering and exiting are provided.

Interior and exterior doors shall have a minimum distance between them of not less than 7 feet. The exterior envelope of conditioned vestibules shall comply with the requirements for a conditioned space. Either the interior or exterior envelope of unconditioned vestibules shall comply with the requirements for a conditioned space. The building lobby is not considered a vestibule.

Exception: Vestibules are not required for the following:

1. Doors not intended to be used as building entrances.

2. Unfinished ground-level space greater than 3,000 square feet (298 m2) if a note is included on the permit documents at each exterior entrance to the space stating “Vestibule required at time of tenant build-out if entrance serves a space greater than 3,000 square feet in area.”

3. Doors opening directly from a sleeping unit or dwelling unit.

4. Doors between an enclosed space smaller than 3,000 square feet (298 m2) in area and the exterior of the building or the building entrance lobby, where those doors do not comprise one of the primary building entrance paths to the remainder of the building. The space must be enclosed and separated without transfer air paths from the primary building entrance paths. If there are doors between the space and the primary entrance path then the doors shall be equipped with self-closing devices so the space acts as a vestibule for the primary building entrance.

5. Revolving doors.

6. Doors used primarily to facilitate vehicular movement or material handling and adjacent personnel doors.

7. In buildings less than three stories above grade or in spaces that do not directly connect with the building elevator lobby, doors that have an air curtain with a velocity of not less than 6.56 feet per second (2 m/s) at the floor that have been tested in accordance with ANSI/AMCA 220 and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Manual or automatic controls shall be provided that will operate the air curtain with the opening and closing of the door. Air curtains and their controls shall comply with Section C408.2.3.

8. Building entrances in buildings that are less than four stories above grade and less than 10,000 square feet in area.

9. Elevator doors in parking garages provided that the elevators have an enclosed lobby at each level of the garage.

10. Entrances to semi-heated spaces.

11. Doors that are used only to access outdoor seating areas that are separated from adjacent walking areas by a fence or other barrier.

City Informative Note: Building entrance is defined as the means ordinarily used to gain access to the building. Doors other than building entrances, such as those leading to service areas, mechanical rooms, electrical equipment rooms, outdoor seating areas or exits from fire stairways, are not covered by this requirement. There is less traffic through these doors, and the vestibule may limit access for large equipment. Note that enclosed lobbies in parking garages also serve to reduce the flow of vehicle exhaust into the building.

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SECTION C403 MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

Section 403.1.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.1.1 HVAC total system performance ratio (HVAC TSPR). For systems serving office, retail, library and education occupancies and buildings, and the dwelling units and residential common areas within R-2 multifamily buildings, which are subject to the requirements of Section C403.3.5 without exceptions, the HVAC total system performance ratio (HVAC TSPR) of the proposed design HVAC system shall be more than or equal to the HVAC TSPR of the standard reference design as calculated according to Appendix D, Calculation of HVAC Total System Performance Ratio.

Exceptions:

1. Buildings with conditioned floor area less than 5,000 square feet.

2. HVAC systems using district heating water, chilled water or steam.

3. HVAC systems not included in Table D601.11.1.

4. HVAC systems with chilled water supplied by absorption chillers, heat recovery chillers, water to water heat pumps, air to water heat pumps, or a combination of air and water cooled chillers on the same chilled water loop with no more than 10 percent of the cooling capacity of the combination being supplied by air cooled chillers.

5. HVAC system served by heating water plants that include air to water or water to water heat pumps.

6. Underfloor air distribution HVAC systems.

7. Space conditioning systems that do not include mechanical cooling.

8. Alterations to existing buildings that do not substantially replace the entire HVAC system.

9. HVAC systems meeting all the requirements of the standard reference design HVAC system in Table D602.11, Standard Reference Design HVAC Systems.

10. HVAC systems serving laundry rooms, elevator rooms, mechanical rooms, electrical rooms, data centers, computer rooms, and kitchens.

11. Buildings or areas of medical office buildings that comply fully with ASHRAE Standard 170, including but not limited to surgical centers, or that are required by other applicable codes or standards to provide 24/7 air handling unit operation.

Section C403.1.3 is amended to read as follows:

C403.1.3 Data centers. Data center systems shall comply with Sections 6 and 8 of ASHRAE Standard 90.4 (2019).

A new section, Section C403.1.4 is added and shall read as follows:

C403.1.4 Use of electric resistance and fossil fuel-fired HVAC heating equipment. HVAC heating energy shall not be provided by electric resistance or fossil fuel combustion appliances. For the purposes of this section, electric resistance HVAC heating appliances include but are not limited to electric baseboard, electric resistance fan coil and VAV electric resistance terminal reheat units and electric resistance boilers. For the purposes of this section, fossil fuel combustion HVAC heating appliances include but are not limited to appliances burning natural gas, heating oil, propane, or other fossil fuels.

Exceptions:

1. Low heating capacity. Buildings or areas of buildings, other than dwelling units or sleeping units, that meet the interior temperature requirements of IBC Chapter 12 with a total installed HVAC heating capacity no greater than 8.5 BTU/h (2.5 watts) per square foot of conditioned space are permitted to be heated using electric resistance appliances. For the purposes of this exception, overhead or wall-mounted radiant heating panels installed in an unheated or semi-heated space, insulated in compliance with Section C402.2.8 and controlled by occupant sensing devices in compliance with Section C403.11.1 need not be included as part of the HVAC heating energy calculation.

2. Dwelling and sleeping units. Dwelling or sleeping units having an installed HVAC heating capacity no greater than 750 watts in any separate habitable room with exterior fenestration are permitted to be heated using electric resistance appliances.

a. Corner rooms. A room within a dwelling or sleeping unit that has two primary walls facing different cardinal directions, each with exterior fenestration, is permitted to have an installed HVAC heating capacity no greater than 1000 watts. Bay windows and other minor offsets are not considered primary walls.

3. Small buildings. Buildings with less than 2,500 square feet of conditioned floor area are permitted to be heated using electric resistance appliances.

4. Defrost. Heat pumps are permitted to utilize electric resistance as the first stage of heating when a heat pump defrost cycle is required and is in operation.

5. Air-to-air heat pumps. Buildings are permitted to utilize internal electric resistance heaters to supplement heat pump heating for air-to-air heat pumps that meet all of the following conditions:

a. Internal electric resistance heaters have controls that prevent supplemental heater operation when the heating load can be met by the heat pump alone during both steady-state operation and setback recovery.

b. The heat pump controls are configured to use the compressor as the first stage of heating down to an outdoor air temperature of 17°F or lower.

c. The heat pump complies with one of the following:

1. Controlled by a digital or electronic thermostat designed for heat pump use that energizes the supplemental heat only when the heat pump has insufficient capacity to maintain set point or to warm up the space at a sufficient rate.

2. Controlled by a multistage space thermostat and an outdoor air thermostat wired to energize supplemental heat only on the last stage of the space thermostat and when outdoor air temperature is less than 32°F.

3. The minimum efficiency of the heat pump is regulated by NAECA, its rating meets the requirements shown in Table C403.3.2(2), and its rating includes all usage of internal electric resistance heating.

d. The heat pump rated heating capacity is sized to meet the heating load at an outdoor air temperature of 32°F or lower and has a rated heating capacity at 47°F no less than 2 times greater than supplemental internal electric resistance heating capacity, or utilizes the smallest available factory-available internal electric resistance heater.

6. Air-to-water heat pumps, up to 2,000 MBH. Buildings are permitted to utilize electric resistance auxiliary heating to supplement heat pump heating for hydronic heating systems that have air-to-water heat pump heating capacity no greater than 2000 kBTU/hr at 47°F, and that meet all of the following conditions:

a. Controls for the auxiliary electric resistance heating are configured to lock out the supplemental heat when the outside air temperature is above 32°F, unless the hot water supply temperature setpoint to the building heat coils cannot be maintained for 20 minutes.

b. The heat pump controls are configured to use the compressor as the first stage of heating down to an outdoor air temperature of 17°F or lower except during startup or defrost operation.

c. The heat pump rated heating capacity at 47°F is no less than 2 times greater than supplemental electric resistance heating capacity.

7. Air-to-water heat pumps, up to 3,000 MBH. Buildings are permitted to utilize electric resistance auxiliary heating to supplement heat pump heating for hydronic heating systems that have air-to-water heat pump heating capacity greater than 2000 KBTU/hr and no greater than 3000 kBTU/hr at 47°F, and that meet all of the following conditions:

a. Controls for the auxiliary electric resistance heating are configured to lock out the supplemental heat when the outside air temperature is above 36°F, unless the hot water supply temperature setpoint to the building heat coils cannot be maintained for 20 minutes.

b. The heat pump controls are configured to use the compressor as the first stage of heating down to an outdoor air temperature of 17°F or lower except during startup or defrost operation.

c. The heat pump rated heating capacity at 47°F is no less than 1.75 times greater than supplemental electric resistance heating capacity.

8. Air-to-water heat pumps, over 3,000 MBH. Buildings are permitted to utilize electric resistance auxiliary heating to supplement heat pump heating for hydronic heating systems that have air-to-water heat pump heating capacity greater than 3000 kBTU/hr at 47°F and that meet all of the following conditions:

a. Controls for the auxiliary resistance heating are configured to lock out the supplemental heat when the outside air temperature is above 40°F unless the hot water supply temperature setpoint to the building heat coils cannot be maintained for 20 minutes.

b. The heat pump controls are configured to use the compressor as the first stage of heating down to an outdoor air temperature of 17°F or lower except during startup or defrost operation.

c. The heat pump rated heating capacity at 47°F is no less than 1.5 times greater than supplemental electric resistance heating capacity.

9. Ground source heat pumps. Buildings are permitted to utilize electric resistance auxiliary heating to supplement heat pump heating for hydronic heating systems with ground source heat pump equipment that meets all of the following conditions:

a. Controls for the auxiliary resistance heating are configured to lock out the supplemental heat when the outdoor air temperature is above 32°F, unless the hot water supply temperature setpoint to the building heat coils cannot be maintained for 20 minutes.

b. The heat pump controls are configured to use the compressor as the first stage of heating down to an outdoor temperature of 17°F or lower.

c. The heat pump rated heating capacity at 32°F entering water conditions is no less than 2 times greater than supplemental electric resistance heating capacity.

10. Small systems. Buildings in which electric resistance or fossil fuel appliances, including decorative appliances, either provide less than 5 percent of the total building HVAC system heating capacity or serve less than 5 percent of the conditioned floor area.

11. Specific conditions. Portions of buildings that require fossil fuel or electric resistance space heating for specific conditions approved by the code official for research, health care, process or other specific needs that cannot practicably be served by heat pump or other space heating systems. This does not constitute a blanket exception for any occupancy type.

12. Kitchen exhaust. Make-up air for commercial kitchen exhaust systems required to be tempered by Section 508.1.1 of the International Mechanical Code is permitted to be heated using electric resistance appliances.

13. District energy. Steam or hot water district energy systems that utilize fossil fuels as their primary source of heat energy, that serve multiple buildings, and that were already in existence prior to the effective date of this code, including more energy-efficient upgrades to such existing systems, are permitted to serve as the primary heating energy source.

14. Heat tape. Heat tape is permitted where it protects water-filled equipment and piping located outside of the building thermal envelope, provided that it is configured and controlled to be automatically turned off when the outside air temperature is above 40°F.

15. Temporary systems. Temporary electric resistance heating systems are permitted where serving future tenant spaces that are unfinished and unoccupied, provided that the heating equipment is sized and controlled to achieve interior space temperatures no higher than 40°F.

16. Emergency generators. Emergency generators are permitted to use fossil fuels.

17. Pasteurization. Electric resistance heat controls are permitted to reset the supply water temperature of hydronic heating systems that serve service water heating heat exchangers during pasteurization cycles of the service hot water storage volume. The hydronic heating system supply water temperature shall be configured to be 145°F or lower during the pasteurization cycle.

Section C403.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.2.1 Zone isolation required. HVAC systems serving areas that are intended to operate or be occupied nonsimultaneously shall be divided into isolation areas. Zones may be grouped into a single isolation area provided it does not exceed 25,000 square feet (2323 m2) of conditioned floor area nor include more than one floor. Each isolation area shall be equipped with isolation devices and controls configured to automatically shut off the supply of conditioned air and outdoor air to and exhaust air from the isolation area. Each isolation area shall be controlled independently by a device meeting the requirements of Section C403.4.2.2. Central systems and plants shall be provided with controls and devices that will allow system and equipment operation for any length of time while serving only the smallest isolation area served by the system or plant.

Exceptions:

1. Exhaust air and outdoor air connections to isolation areas where the fan system to which they connect is not greater than 5,000 cfm (2360 L/s).

2. Exhaust airflow from a single isolation area of less than 10 percent of the design airflow of the exhaust system to which it connects.

3. Isolation areas intended to operate continuously or intended to be inoperative only when all other isolation areas in a zone are inoperative.

Section C403.2.3 is amended to read as follows:

C403.2.3 Variable flow capacity. For fan and pump motors 5 hp and greater including motors in or serving custom and packaged air handlers serving variable air volume fan systems, constant volume fans, parking garaged ventilation fans, heating and cooling hydronic pumping systems, pool and service water pumping systems, domestic water pressure-booster systems, cooling tower fan, and other pump or fan motors where variable flows are required, there shall be:

1. Variable speed drives; or

2. Other controls and devices that will result in fan and pump motor demand of no more than 30 percent of design wattage at 50 percent of design air volume for fans when static pressure set point equals 1/3 the total design static pressure, and 50 percent of design water flow for pumps, based on manufacturer's certified test data. Variable inlet vanes, throttling valves (dampers), scroll dampers or bypass circuits shall not be allowed.

Exception: Variable speed devices are not required for motors that serve:

1. Fans or pumps in packaged equipment where variable speed drives are not available as a factory option from the equipment manufacturer.

2. Fans or pumps that are required to operate only for emergency fire-life-safety events (e.g., stairwell pressurization fans, elevator pressurization fans, fire pumps, etc.).

Section 403.3.2 is amended to read as follows:

C403.3.2 HVAC equipment performance requirements. Equipment shall meet the minimum efficiency requirements of Tables C403.3.2(1) through C4-3/3/2(13) when tested and rated in accordance with the applicable test procedure. Plate-type liquid-to-liquid heat exchangers shall meet the minimum requirements of Table C403.3.2(10). The efficiency shall be verified through certification and listed under an approved certification program or, if no certification program exists, the equipment efficiency ratings shall be supported by data furnished by the manufacturer. Where multiple rating conditions or performance requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all stated requirements. Where components, such as indoor or outdoor coils, from different manufacturers are used, calculations and supporting data shall be furnished by the designer that demonstrates that the combined efficiency of the specified components meets the requirements herein.

Gas-fired and oil-fired forced air furnaces with input ratings of 225,000 Btu/h (65 kW) or greater and all unit heaters shall also have an intermittent ignition or interrupted device (IID), and have either mechanical draft (including power venting) or a flue damper. A vent damper is an acceptable alternative to a flue damper for furnaces where combustion air is drawn from the conditioned space. All furnaces with input ratings of 225,000 Btu/h (65 kW) or greater, including electric furnaces, that are not located within the conditioned space shall have jacket losses not exceeding 0.75 percent of the input rating.

Air-to-water heat pump manufacturers shall report the hourly heating output or heating efficiency with and without defrost operation at 32°F, in addition to meeting the efficiency requirements of Table C403.3.2(13) at the AHRI 550/590 applicable leaving water temperatures. The hourly heating output or heating efficiency with and without defrost operation shall be documented on the mechanical permit drawings.

Exception:

Heat recovery chillers and air-to-water heat pumps covered under Table C403.3.2(13), are not required to be listed in the AHRI certification program for AHRI 550/590. The equipment heating and cooling efficiency ratings shall be supported by data furnished by the manufacturer at AHRI 550/590 conditions. Where multiple rating conditions or performance requirements are provided, the equipment shall satisfy all stated requirements.

City Informative Note: Table C403.3.2.(13) is from ASHRAE 90.1-2019. At the time of the adoption of the 2018 SEC there were no air-to-water heat pumps or heat recovery chillers listed in the AHRI Certified Product Directory. https://www.ahridirectory.org/ According to AHRI 550/590 Section 5.3, “Full and part-load application ratings shall include the range of Rating Conditions listed in Table 2 or be within the operating limits of the equipment.”

Section C403.3.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.3.2.1 Chillers. Chilled water plants and buildings with more than 500 tons total capacity shall not have more than 100 tons provided by air-cooled chillers.

Exceptions:

1. Where the designer demonstrates that the water quality at the building site fails to meet manufacturer's specifications for the use of water-cooled equipment.

2. Air-cooled chillers with minimum efficiencies at least 10 percent higher than those listed in Table C403.3.2(7).

3. Replacement of existing air-cooled chiller equipment.

4. Air-to-water heat pump units that are configured to provide both heating and cooling and that are rated in accordance with AHRI 550/590.

Table C403.3.2(1)B is amended to read as follows:

Table C403.3.2(7) is amended to read as follows:

Keys for Table C403.3.2(7)

For SI: 1 ton = 3517 W, 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.2931 W, °C = [(°F) – 32]/1.8.

NA = Not applicable, not to be used for compliance; NR = No requirement.

Footnotes for Table C403.2.3(7)

a. The requirements for air-cooled, water-cooled positive displacement, and absorption chillers are at standard rating conditions defined in the reference test procedure. The requirements for centrifugal chillers shall be adjusted for nonstandard rating conditions per Section C403.2.3.1 and are only applicable for the range of conditions listed there.

b. Compliance with this standard can be obtained by meeting the minimum requirements of Path A or B. However, both the full load and IPLV shall be met to fulfill the requirements of Path A or B.

c. Chapter 12 of the referenced standard contains a complete specification of the referenced test procedure, including the referenced year version of the test procedure.

A new table, Table C403.3.2(13) is added and reads as follows:

Table ©ASHRAE, www.ashrae.org. Used with permission from 2019 ASHRAE Standard 90.1

Footnotes:

a. Cooling-only rating conditions are standard rating conditions defined in AHRI 550/590, Table 1.

b. Heating full-load rating conditions are at rating conditions defined in AHRI 550/590, Table 1.

c. For water-cooled heat recovery chillers that have capabilities for heat rejection to a heat recovery condenser and a tower condenser, the COPHR applies to operation at full load with 100% heat recovery (no tower rejection). Units that only have capabilities for partial heat recovery shall meet the requirements of Table 6.8.1-3.

d. Outdoor air entering dry-bulb (db) temperature and wet-bulb (wb) temperature.

e. Source-water entering and leaving water temperature.

f. AHRI ratings are not required for equipment sizes larger than those covered by the test standard.

g. Air-to-water heat pumps that are configured to operate only in heating and not in cooling only need to comply with the minimum heating efficiencies.

h. Units that are both an air-to-water heat pump and an heat recovery chiller are required to comply with either the applicable air source efficiency requirements or the heat recovery chiller requirements but not both.

i. Heat pumps and heat recovery chillers are only required to comply with one of the four leaving heating water temperature criteria. The leaving heater water temperature criteria that is closest to the design leaving water temperature shall be utilized.

Section 403.3.2.2 is amended to read as follows:

C403.3.2.2 Water-cooled centrifugal chilling package. Equipment not designed for operation at AHRI Standard 550/590 test conditions of 44°F (7°C) leaving chilled-water temperature and 2.4 gpm/ton evaporator fluid flow and 85°F (29°C) entering condenser water temperature with 3 gpm/ton (0.054 L/s x kW) condenser water flow shall have maximum full-load kW/ton (FL) and part-load ratings adjusted using Equations 4-7 and 4-8.

Exception: Centrifugal chillers designed to operate outside of these temperature ranges are not regulated by this section.

The FLadj and PLVadj values are only applicable for centrifugal chillers meeting all of the following full-load design ranges:

1. Minimum evaporator leaving temperature: 36°F.

2. Maximum condenser leaving temperature: 115°F.

3. LIFT is not less than 20°F and not greater than 80°F.

Section C403.3.2.4 is amended to read as follows:

C403.3.2.4 Packaged and split system electric heating and cooling equipment. Packaged and split system electric equipment providing both heating and cooling, and cooling-only equipment with electric heat in the main supply duct before VAV boxes, in each case with a total cooling capacity greater than 6,000 Btu/h shall be a heat pump.

Exception: Unstaffed equipment shelters or cabinets used solely for personal wireless service facilities.

Section C403.3.5 is amended to read as follows:

C403.3.5 Dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS). For buildings with occupancies as shown in Table C403.3.5, outdoor air shall be provided to each occupied space by a dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) which delivers 100 percent outdoor air without requiring operation of the heating and cooling system fans for ventilation air delivery.

Exceptions:

1. Occupied spaces that are not ventilated by a mechanical ventilation system and are only ventilated by a natural ventilation system in accordance with Section 402 of the International Mechanical Code.

2. High efficiency variable air volume (VAV) systems complying with Section C403.6.10 for occupancy classifications other than Groups A-1, A-2 and A-3 as specified in Table C403.3.5, and high efficiency VAV systems complying with Section C403.12 for occupancy classifications Groups A-1, A-2 and A-3 as specified in Table C403.3.5. This exception shall not be used as a substitution for a DOAS per Section C406.6.

3. Spaces that are within building types not subject to the requirements of Section C403.3.5, and that qualify as accessory occupancies according to Section 508.2 of the International Building Code, are not required to comply with this section.

Section C403.3.5.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.3.5.1 Energy recovery ventilation with DOAS. The DOAS shall include energy recovery ventilation. The energy recovery system shall have a 60 percent enthalpy recovery effectiveness in accordance with Section C403.7.6. For DOAS having a total fan system motor nameplate hp less than 5 hp, total combined fan power shall not exceed 1 W/cfm of outdoor air. For DOAS having a total fan system motor hp greater than or equal to 5 hp, refer to fan power limitations of Section C403.8.1. This fan power restriction applies to each dedicated outdoor air unit in the permitted project, but does not include the fan power associated with the zonal heating/cooling equipment. The airflow rate thresholds for energy recovery requirements in Tables C403.7.6(1) and C403.7.6(2) do not apply.

Exceptions:

1. Occupied spaces with all of the following characteristics:

a. Complying with Section C403.7.6;

b. Served by equipment less than 5000 cfm;

c. With an average occupant load 15 people or greater per 1000 square feet (93 m2) of floor area (as established in Table 403.3.1.1 of the International Mechanical Code);

d. That include demand control ventilation configured to reduce outdoor air by at least 50% below design minimum ventilation rates when the actual occupancy of the space served by the system is less than the design occupancy; and

e. Smaller than 650 square feet.

2. Systems installed for the sole purpose of providing makeup air for systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint, or corrosive fumes or dust, dryer exhaust, or commercial kitchen hoods used for collecting and removing grease vapors and smoke.

3. The energy recovery systems for R-1 and R-2 occupancies are permitted to provide 60 percent minimum sensible heat recovery effectiveness in lieu of 60 percent enthalpy recovery effectiveness. The return/exhaust air stream temperature for heat recovery device selection shall be 70°F or as determined by an approved calculation procedure.

Section C403.3.6 is amended to add an Informative Note:

City Informative Note. When an H/ERV (heat recovery ventilator or energy recovery ventilator) that is rated and listed in accordance with HVI 920 is used to comply with the "sensible recovery effectiveness" requirement in Section C403.3.6 or C403.7.6 Exception 2, use the product's Adjusted Sensible Recovery Efficiency (ASRE) at 32°F, as listed in the HVI Section 3 H/ERV Directory. Select the ASRE for a flow rate that is no less than the design flow rate, or interpolate between two listed flow rates. HVI refers to the Home Ventilating Institute.

A new section, Section C403.3.7 with Table C403.3.7 is added and shall read as follows:

C403.3.7 Hydronic System flow rate. Chilled water and condenser water piping shall be designed such that the design flow rate in each pipe segment shall not exceed the values listed in Table C403.3.7 for the appropriate total annual hours of operation. Pipe sizes for systems that operate under variable flow conditions (e.g., modulating two-way control valves at coils) and that contain variable speed pump motors are permitted to be selected from the “Variable Flow/Variable Speed” columns. All others shall be selected from the “Other” columns.

EXCEPTION. Design flow rates exceeding the values in Table C403.3.7 are permitted in specific sections of pipe if the pipe is not in the critical circuit at design conditions and is not predicted to be in the critical circuit during more than 30 percent of operating hours.

City Informative Note. The flow rates listed here do not consider noise or erosion. Lower flow rates are often recommended for noise sensitive locations.

Section C403.4.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.4.1 Thermostatic controls. The supply of heating and cooling energy to each zone shall be controlled by individual thermostatic controls capable of responding to temperature within the zone. Controls in the same zone or in neighboring zones connected by openings larger than 10 percent of the floor area of either zone shall not allow for simultaneous heating and cooling. At a minimum, each floor of a building shall be considered as a separate zone. Controls on systems required to have economizers and serving single zones shall have multiple cooling stage capability and activate the economizer when appropriate as the first stage of cooling. See Section C403.5 for further economizer requirements. Where humidification or dehumidification or both is provided, at least one humidity control device shall be provided for each humidity control system.

Exceptions:

1. Independent perimeter systems that are designed to offset only building envelope heat losses or gains or both serving one or more perimeter zones also served by an interior system provided:

1.1. The perimeter system includes at least one thermostatic control zone for each building exposure having exterior walls facing only one orientation (within +/- 45 degrees) (0.8 rad) for more than 50 contiguous feet (15,240 mm);

1.2. The perimeter system heating and cooling supply is controlled by a thermostat located within the zones served by the system; and

1.3. Controls are configured to prevent the perimeter system from operating in a different heating or cooling mode from the other equipment within the zones or from neighboring zones connected by openings larger than 10 percent of the floor area of either zone.

2. Where an interior zone and a perimeter zone are open to each other with permanent openings larger than 10 percent of the floor area of either zone, cooling in the interior zone is permitted to operate at times when the perimeter zone is in heating and the interior zone temperature is at least 5°F (2.8°C) higher than the perimeter zone temperature. For the purposes of this exception, a permanent opening is an opening without doors or other operable closures.

3. Dedicated outdoor air units that provide ventilation air, make-up air or replacement air for exhaust systems are permitted to be controlled based on supply air temperature. The supply air temperature shall be controlled to a maximum of 65°F (18.3°C) in heating and a minimum of 72°F (22°C) in cooling unless the supply air temperature is being reset based on the status of cooling or heating in the zones served or it being reset based on outdoor air temperature.

Section C403.4.1.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.4.1.1 Heat pump supplementary heat. Heat pumps equipped with internal electric resistance heaters shall have controls that prevent supplemental heater operation when the heating load can be met by the heat pump alone during both steady-state operation and setback recovery. Supplemental heater operation is permitted during outdoor coil defrost cycles. Heat pumps equipped with supplementary heaters shall comply with all conditions of Section C403.1.4.

Exception: Heat pumps whose minimum efficiency is regulated by NAECA and whose ratings meet the requirements shown in Table C403.3.2(2) and include all usage of internal electric resistance heating.

Section 403.4.2 is amended to read as follows:

C403.4.2 Off-hour controls. For all occupancies other than Group R and for conditioned spaces other than dwelling units within Group R occupancies, each zone shall be provided with thermostatic setback controls that are controlled by either an automatic time clock or programmable control system.

Exceptions:

1. Zones that will be operated continuously.

2. Zones with a full HVAC load demand not exceeding 6,800 Btu/h (2 kW) and having a manual shutoff switch located with ready access.

A new section, Section C403.4.12 is added and reads as follows:

C403.4.12 Pressure Independent Control Valves. Where design flow rate of heating water and chilled water coils is 10 GPM or higher, modulating pressure independent control valves shall be provided.

Section C403.5 is amended to read as follows:

C403.5 Economizers. Air economizers shall be provided on all new cooling systems including those serving computer server rooms, electronic equipment, radio equipment, and telephone switchgear. Economizers shall comply with Sections C403.5.1 through C403.5.5.

Exception: Economizers are not required for the systems listed below:

1. Cooling systems not installed outdoors nor in a mechanical room adjacent to outdoors and installed in conjunction with DOAS complying with Section C403.3.5 and serving only spaces with year-round cooling loads from lights and equipment of less than 5 watts per square foot.

2. Unitary or packaged systems serving one zone with dehumidification where an economizer would increase the overall building energy consumption. New humidification equipment shall comply with Section C403.3.2.5.

3. Unitary or packaged systems serving one zone where the cooling efficiency meets or exceeds the efficiency requirements in Table C403.5.(3).

4. Equipment serving chilled beams and chilled ceiling space cooling systems only which are provided with a water economizer meeting the requirements of Section C403.5.4.

5. For Group R occupancies, cooling units installed outdoors or in a mechanical room adjacent to outdoors with a total cooling capacity less than 20,000 Btu/h and other cooling units with a total cooling capacity less than 54,000 Btu/h provided that these are high-efficiency cooling equipment with IEER, CEER, SEER, and EER values more than 15 percent higher than minimum efficiencies listed in Tables C403.3.2(1) through (3), in the appropriate size category, using the same test procedures. Equipment shall be listed in the appropriate certification program to qualify for this exception. For split systems, compliance is based on the cooling capacity of individual fan coil units.

6. Equipment used to cool Controlled Plant Growth Environments provided these are high-efficiency cooling equipment with SEER, EER and IEER values a minimum of 20 percent greater than the values listed in Tables C403.3.2(1), (3) and (7).

7. Equipment serving a space with year-round cooling loads from lights and equipment of 5 watts per square foot or greater complying with the following criteria:

7.1. Equipment serving the space utilizes chilled water as the cooling source; and

7.2. The chilled water plant includes a condenser heat recovery system that meets the requirements of Section C403.9.5 or the building and water-cooled system meets the following requirements:

7.2.1. A minimum of 90 percent (capacity-weighted) of the building space heat is provided by hydronic heating water.

7.2.2. Chilled water plant includes a heat recovery chiller or water-to-water heat pump capable of rejecting heat from the chilled water system to the hydronic heating equipment capacity.

7.2.3. Heat recovery chillers shall have a minimum COP of 7.0 when providing heating and cooling water simultaneously.

8. Water-cooled equipment served by systems meeting the requirements of Section C403.9.2.4, Condenser heat recovery.

9. Dedicated outdoor air systems that include energy recovery as required by Section C403.7.6 but that do not include mechanical cooling.

10. Dedicated outdoor air systems not required by Section C403.7.6 to include energy recovery that modulate the supply airflow to provide only the minimum outdoor air required by Section C403.2.2.1 for ventilation, exhaust air make-up, or other process air delivery.

11. Equipment used to cool any dedicated server room, electronic equipment room, elevator machine room or telecom switch room provided the system complies with Option a, b, c, d, or e in C403.5(11) below. The total cooling capacity of all fan systems qualifying under this exception without economizers shall not exceed 240,000 Btu/h per building or 10 percent of its air economizer capacity, whichever is greater. This exception shall not be used for Total Building Performance.

Footnotes for Table C403.5(11):

a. For a system where all of the cooling equipment is subject to the AHRI standards listed in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2), the system shall comply with the higher equipment efficiency, part-load control and economizer requirements of the row in which this footnote is located, including the associated footnotes (note that if the system contains any cooling equipment that exceeds the capacity limits in Table C403.3.2(1) or C403.3.2(2), or if the system contains any cooling equipment that is not included in Table C403.3.2(1) or C403.3.2(2), then the system is not allowed to use this option).

b. The cooling equipment shall have an SEER/EER value and an IEER/IPLV value that are each a minimum of 15 percent greater than the value listed in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2).

c. For units with a total cooling capacity over 85,000 Btu/h, the system shall utilize part-load capacity control schemes that are able to modulate to a part-load capacity of 50 percent of the load or less that results in the compressor operating at the same or higher EER at part loads than at full load (e.g., minimum of two-stages of compressor unloading such as cylinder unloading, two-stage scrolls, dual tandem scrolls, but hot gas bypass is not credited as a compressor unloading system).

d. The cooling equipment shall have an SEER/EER value and an IEER/IPLV value that are each a minimum of 5 percent greater than the value listed in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2).

e. The system shall include a water economizer in lieu of air economizer. Water economizers shall meet the requirements of Sections C403.5.1 and C403.5.2 and be capable of providing the total concurrent cooling load served by the connected terminal equipment lacking airside economizer, at outside air temperatures of 50°F dry-bulb/45°F wet-bulb and below. For this calculation, all factors including solar and internal load shall be the same as those used for peak load calculations, except for the outside temperatures. The equipment shall be served by a dedicated condenser water system unless a non-dedicated condenser water system exists that can provide appropriate water temperatures during hours when water-side economizer cooling is available.

f. For a system where all cooling equipment is subject to ASHRAE Standard 127, the system shall comply with the higher equipment efficiency, part-load control, and economizer requirements of the row in which this footnote is located, including the associated footnotes.

g. The cooling equipment subject to ASHRAE Standard 127 shall have an SCOP value that is a minimum of 10 percent greater than the value listed in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2) (1.10 x values in these tables) when determined in accordance with the rating conditions in ASHRAE Standard 127 (i.e., not the rating conditions in AHRI Standard 210/240 or 340/360). This information shall be provided by an independent third party.

h. For a system with chillers subject to the AHRI standards listed in Table C403.3.2(7) (e.g., a chilled water system with fan coil units), the system shall comply with the higher equipment efficiency, part-load control and economizer requirements of the row in which this footnote is located, including the associated footnotes.

i. The cooling equipment shall have an full-load EER value and an IPLV value that is a minimum of 25 percent greater than the value listed in Table C403.3.2(7) (1.25 x value in Table C403.3.2(7) or a full-load and IPLV kW/ton that is at least 25 percent lower than the value listed in Table C403.3.2(7) (0.75 x value in Table C403.3.2(7)). For all chillers, the system shall utilize part-load capacity control schemes that are able to modulate to a part-load capacity of 50 percent of the load or less and that result in the compressor operating at the same or higher EER at part loads than at full load (e.g., minimum of two-stages of compressor unloading such as cylinder unloading, two-stage scrolls, or dual tandem scrolls, but hot gas bypass is not a qualifying compressor unloading system).

j. For air-cooled chillers, the system shall utilize part-load capacity control schemes that are able to modulate to a part-load capacity of 50 percent of the load or less and that result in the compressor operating at the same or higher EER at part loads than at full load (e.g., minimum of two-stages of compressor unloading such as cylinder unloading, two-stage scrolls, or dual tandem scrolls, but hot gas bypass is not a qualifying compressor unloading system).

k. For air-cooled chillers, the cooling equipment shall have an IPLV EER value that is a minimum of 10 percent greater than the IPLV EER value listed in Table C403.3.2(7) (1.10 x values in Table C403.3.2(7)). For water-cooled chillers, the cooling equipment shall have an IPLV kW/ton that is at least 15 percent lower than the IPLV kW/ton value listed in Table C403.3.2(7) (0.85 x values in Table C403.3.2(7)).

12. Medical and laboratory equipment that is directly water-cooled and is not dependent upon space air temperature.

Section 403.6.10 is amended to read as follows:

C403.6.10 High efficiency variable air volume (VAV) systems. For HVAC systems subject to the requirements of Section C403.3.5 but utilizing Exception 2 of that section, a high efficiency multiple-zone VAV system may be provided without a separate parallel DOAS when the system is designed, installed, and configured to comply with all of the following criteria in addition to the applicable requirements of Sections C403.8.6 through C403.8.8. This exception shall not be used as a substitution for a DOAS per Section C406.6 or C406.7:

1. Each VAV system must serve a minimum of 3,000 square feet (278.7 m2) and have a minimum of five VAV zones.

2. The VAV systems are provided with airside economizer per Section C403.5 without exceptions.

3. A direct-digital control (DDC) system is provided to control the VAV air handling units and associated terminal units per Section C403.4.11 regardless of sizing thresholds of Table C403.4.11.1.

4. Multiple-zone VAV systems with a minimum outdoor air requirement of 2,500 cfm (1180 L/s) or greater shall be equipped with a device capable of measuring outdoor airflow intake under all load conditions. The system shall be capable of increasing or reducing the outdoor airflow intake based on feedback from the VAV terminal units as required by Section C403.6.5, without exceptions, and Section C403.7.1, Demand controlled ventilation.

5. Multiple-zone VAV systems with a minimum outdoor air requirement of 2,500 cfm (1180 L/s) or greater shall be equipped with a device capable of measuring supply airflow to the VAV terminal units under all load conditions.

6. In addition to meeting the zone isolation requirements of C403.2.1 a single VAV air handling unit shall not serve more than 50,000 square feet (4645 m2) unless a single floor is greater than 50,000 square feet (4645 m2) in which case the air handler is permitted to serve the entire floor.

7. The primary maximum cooling air for the VAV terminal units serving interior cooling load driven zones shall be sized for a supply air temperature that is a minimum of 5°F greater than the supply air temperature for the exterior zones in cooling.

8. Air terminal units with a minimum primary airflow set point of 50 percent or greater of the maximum primary airflow set point shall be sized with an inlet velocity of no greater than 900 feet per minute.

Allowable fan motor horsepower shall not exceed 90 percent of the allowable HVAC fan system bhp (Option 2) as defined by Section C403.8.1.1.

9. All fan powered VAV terminal units (series or parallel) shall be provided with electronically commutated motors. The DDC system shall be configured to vary the speed of the motor as a function of the heating and cooling load in the space. Minimum speed shall not be greater than 66 percent of design airflow required for the greater of heating or cooling operation. Minimum speed shall be used during periods of low heating and cooling operation and ventilation-only operation.

Exception: For series fan powered terminal units where the volume of primary air required to deliver the ventilation requirements at minimum speed exceeds the air that would be delivered at the speed defined above, the minimum speed set point shall be configured to exceed the value required to provide the required ventilation air.

10. Fan-powered VAV terminal units shall only be permitted at perimeter zones with an envelope heating load requirement. All other VAV terminal units shall be single duct terminal units.

Exception: Fan powered VAV terminal units are allowed at interior spaces with an occupant load greater than or equal to 25 people per 1000 square feet of floor area (as established in Table 403.3.1.1 of the International Mechanical Code) with demand control ventilation in accordance with Section C403.7.1.

11. When in occupied heating or in occupied dead band between heating and cooling all fan powered VAV terminal units shall be configured to reset the primary air supply set point, based on the VAV air handling unit outdoor air vent fraction, to the minimum ventilation airflow required per International Mechanical Code.

12. Spaces that are larger than 150 square feet (14 m2) and with an occupant load greater than or equal to 15 people per 1000 square feet (93 m2) of floor area (as established in Table 403.3.1.1 of the International Mechanical Code) shall be provided with all of the following features:

12.1. A dedicated VAV terminal unit capable of controlling the space temperature and minimum ventilation shall be provided. Demand control ventilation (DCV) shall be provided that utilizes a carbon dioxide sensor to reset the ventilation set point of the VAV terminal unit from the design minimum to design maximum ventilation rate as required by Chapter 4 of the International Mechanical Code.

12.2. Occupancy sensors shall be provided that are configured to reduce the minimum ventilation rate to zero and setback room temperature set points by a minimum of 5°F, for both cooling and heating, when the space is unoccupied.

13. Dedicated data centers, computer rooms, electronic equipment rooms, telecom rooms, or other similar spaces with cooling loads greater than 5 watts/ft2 shall be provided with separate, cooling systems to allow the VAV air handlers to turn off during unoccupied hours in the office space and to allow the supply air temperature reset to occur.

Exception: The VAV air handling unit and VAV terminal units may be used for secondary backup cooling when there is a failure of the primary HVAC system.

Additionally, computer rooms, electronic equipment rooms, telecom rooms, or other similar spaces shall be provided with airside economizer in accordance with Section C403.5 without using the exceptions to Section C403.5.

Exception: Heat recovery per exception 9 of Section C403.5 may be in lieu of airside economizer for the separate, independent HVAC system.

14. HVAC system central heating or cooling plant will include a minimum of one of the following options:

14.1. VAV terminal units with hydronic heating coils connected to systems with hot water generation equipment limited to the following types of equipment: gas-fired hydronic boilers with a thermal efficiency, Et, of not less than 92 percent, air-to-water heat pumps or heat recovery chillers. Hydronic heating coils shall be sized for a maximum entering hot water temperature of 120°F (48.9°C) for peak anticipated heating load conditions.

14.2. Chilled water VAV air handing units connected to systems with chilled water generation equipment with IPLV values more than 25 percent higher than the minimum part load efficiencies listed in Table C403.3.2(7), in the appropriate size category, using the same test procedures. Equipment shall be listed in the appropriate certification program to qualify. The smallest chiller or compressor in the central plant shall not exceed 20 percent of the total central plant cooling capacity or the chilled water system shall include thermal storage sized for a minimum of 20 percent of the total central cooling plant capacity.

15. The DDC system shall include a fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) system complying with the following:

15.1. The following temperature sensors shall be permanently installed to monitor system operation:

15.1.1. Outside air.

15.1.2. Supply air.

15.1.3. Return air.

15.2. Temperature sensors shall have an accuracy of ±2°F (1.1°C) over the range of 40°F to 80°F (4°C to 26.7°C).

15.3. The VAV air handling unit controller shall be configured to provide system status by indicating the following:

15.3.1. Free cooling available.

15.3.2. Economizer enabled.

15.3.3. Compressor enabled.

15.3.4. Heating enabled.

15.3.5. Mixed air low limit cycle active.

15.3.6. The current value of each sensor.

15.4. The VAV air handling unit controller shall be capable of manually initiating each operating mode so that the operation of compressors, economizers, fans and the heating system can be independently tested and verified.

15.5. The VAV air handling unit shall be configured to report faults to a fault management application able to be accessed by day-to-day operating or service personnel or annunciated locally on zone thermostats.

15.6. The VAV terminal unit shall be configured to report if the VAV inlet valve has failed by performing the following diagnostic check at a maximum interval of once a month:

15.6.1. Command VAV terminal unit primary air inlet valve closed and verify that primary airflow goes to zero or other approved means to verify that the VAV terminal unit damper actuator and flow ring are operating properly.

15.6.2. Command VAV thermal unit primary air inlet valve to design airflow and verify that unit is controlling to with 10% of design airflow.

15.7. The VAV terminal unit shall be configured to report and trend when the zone is driving the following VAV air handling unit reset sequences. The building operator shall have the capability to exclude zones used in the reset sequences from the DDC control system graphical user interface:

15.7.1. Supply air temperature set point reset to lowest supply air temperature set point for cooling operation.

15.7.2. Supply air duct static pressure set point reset for the highest duct static pressure set point allowable.

15.8. The FDD system shall be configured to detect the following faults:

15.8.1. Air temperature sensor failure/fault.

15.8.2. Not economizing when the unit should be economizing.

15.8.3. Economizing when the unit should not be economizing.

15.8.4. Outdoor air or return air damper not modulating.

15.8.5. Excess outdoor air.

15.8.6. VAV terminal unit primary air valve failure.

Section 403.7.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.7.1 Demand control ventilation. Demand control ventilation (DCV) shall be provided for spaces larger than 500 square feet (46 m2) and with an occupant load greater than or equal to 15 people per 1000 square feet (93 m2) of floor area (as established in Table 403.3.1.1 of the International Mechanical Code) and served by systems with one or more of the following:

1. An air-side economizer.

2. Automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper.

3. A design outdoor airflow greater than 3,000 cfm (1416 L/s).

Exception: Demand control ventilation is not required for systems and spaces as follows:

1. Systems with energy recovery complying with Section C403.7.6.1 or Section C403.3.5.1. This exception is not available for space types located within the “inclusions” column of Groups A-1 and A-3 occupancy classifications of Table C403.3.5.

2. Multiple-zone systems without direct digital control of individual zones communicating with a central control panel.

3. System with a design outdoor airflow less than 750 cfm (354 L/s).

4. Spaces, including but not limited to dining areas, where more than 75 percent of the space design outdoor airflow is transfer air required for makeup air supplying an adjacent commercial kitchen.

5. Ventilation provided for process loads only.

6. Spaces with one of the following occupancy categories (as defined by the International Mechanical Code): Correctional cells, daycare sickrooms, science labs, barbers, beauty and nail salons, and bowling alley seating.

7. Dormitory sleeping areas.

Section 403.7.5 is amended to read as follows:

C403.7.5 Enclosed loading dock, motor vehicle repair garage and parking garage exhaust ventilation system controls. Mechanical ventilation systems for enclosed loading docks, motor vehicle repair garage and parking garages shall be designed to exhaust the airflow rates (maximum and minimum) determined in accordance with the International Mechanical Code.

Ventilation systems shall be equipped with a control device that operates the system automatically by means of carbon monoxide detectors applied in conjunction with nitrogen dioxide detectors. Controllers shall be configured to shut off fans or modulate fan speed to 50 percent or less of design capacity, or intermittently operate fans less than 20 percent of the occupied time or as required to maintain acceptable contaminant levels in accordance with the International Mechanical Code provisions.

Gas sensor controllers used to activate the exhaust ventilation system shall stage or modulate fan speed upon detection of specified gas levels. All equipment used in sensor controlled systems shall be designed for the specific use and installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The system shall be arranged to operate automatically by means of carbon monoxide detectors applied in conjunction with nitrogen dioxide detectors. Parking garages, repair garages and loading docks shall be equipped with a controller and a full array of carbon monoxide (CO) sensors set to maintain levels of carbon monoxide below 35 parts per million (ppm). Additionally, a full array of nitrogen dioxide detectors shall be connected to the controller set to maintain the nitrogen dioxide level below the OSHA standard for eight hour exposure.

Spacing and location of the sensors shall be installed in accordance with manufacturer recommendations.

Section C403.7.5.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.7.5.1 System activation devices for enclosed loading docks. Ventilation systems for enclosed loading docks shall operate continuously during unoccupied hours at the minimum ventilation rate required by Section 404 of the International Mechanical Code and shall be activated to the full required ventilation rate by one of the following:

1. Gas sensors installed in accordance with the International Mechanical Code; or

2. Occupant detection sensors used to activate the system that detects entry into the loading area along both the vehicle and pedestrian pathways.

Section C403.7.5.2 is amended to read as follows:

C403.7.5.2 System activation devices for enclosed parking garages. Ventilation systems for enclosed parking garages shall be activated by gas sensors.

Exception: A parking garage ventilation system having a total design capacity under 8,000 cfm may use occupant sensors to activate the full required ventilation rate.

Section 403.7.6 is amended to read as follows:

C403.7.6 Energy recovery ventilation systems. Any system with minimum outside air requirements at design conditions greater than 5,000 cfm or any system where the system’s supply airflow rate exceeds the value listed in Tables C403.7.6(1) and C403.7.6(2), based on the climate zone and percentage of outdoor airflow rate at design conditions, shall include an energy recovery system. Table C403.7.6(1) shall be used for all ventilation systems that operate less than 8,000 hours per year, and Table C403.7.6(2) shall be used for all ventilation systems that operate 8,000 hours or more per year. The energy recovery system shall have the capability to provide a change in the enthalpy of the outdoor air supply of not less than 60 percent of the difference between the outdoor air and return air enthalpies, at design conditions. Where an air economizer is required, the energy recovery system shall include a bypass of the energy recovery media for both the outdoor air and exhaust air or return air dampers and controls which permit operation of the air economizer as required by Section C403.5. Where a single room or space is supplied by multiple units, the aggregate ventilation (cfm) of those units shall be used in applying this requirement. The return/exhaust air stream temperature for heat recovery device selection shall be 70°F (21°C) at 30 percent relative humidity, or as calculated by the registered design professional.

City Informative Note: In Shoreline, the energy recovery effectiveness is determined typically by the winter heat recovery condition. See example below for how the minimum supply air enthalpy leaving the energy recovery media is calculated for the winter condition:

1. In Shoreline, the winter outdoor design air temperature is 24°F as specified in Appendix C. The registered design professional shall determine the coincident winter wet bulb temperature or percent relative humidity at the anticipated design conditions. Based on these conditions the outdoor design air enthalpy is determined from a psychrometric chart.

2. Determine the return/exhaust air stream enthalpy from a psychrometric chart based on the 70°F (21°C) at 30 percent relative humidity.

3. Calculate the 60% difference between the outside air and return air enthalpies at design winter conditions.

4. See example below:

a. OA Enthalpy at 24°F / 23°F (drybulb / wetbulb) = 8.2 BTU/LB

b. RA/EA Enthalpy at 70°F and 30% RH = 21.9 BTU/LB

c. SA Enthalpy Minimum Leaving Energy Recovery Media

= (8.2 + (21.9 – 8.2)*60%)

= 16.42 BTU/LB

(Note that this example represents 60% enthalpy recovery. For an equivalent sensible-only recovery system, it would take 73.9% effectiveness (increasing from 24°F DB to 58°F DB) to achieve the same enthalpy recovery.)

Exceptions:

1. The energy recovery systems for occupancy type I-2 hospitals, medical office buildings, and buildings that primarily consist of technical laboratory spaces, are permitted to provide a change of enthalpy of the outdoor air and return air of not less than 50 percent of the difference between the outdoor air and return air enthalpies, at design conditions. These occupancies are also permitted to utilize exception #3.

2. The energy recovery systems for R-1 and R-2 occupancies shall have a 60 percent minimum sensible heat recovery effectiveness, in lieu of 60 percent enthalpy recovery effectiveness. The return/exhaust air stream temperature for heat recovery device selection shall be 70°F (21°C), or as calculated by the registered design professional.

3. An energy recovery ventilation system shall not be required in any of the following conditions:

3.1 Where energy recovery systems are restricted per Section 514 of the International Mechanical Code to sensible energy, recovery shall comply with one of the following:

3.1.1 Kitchen exhaust systems where they comply with Section C403.7.7.1.

3.1.2 Laboratory fume hood systems where they comply with Exception 2 of Section C403.7.6.

3.1.3 Other sensible energy recovery systems with the capability to provide a change in dry bulb temperature of the outdoor air supply of not less than 50 percent of the difference between the outdoor air and the return air dry bulb temperatures, at design conditions.

3.2 Laboratory fume hood systems that include at least one of the following features and also comply with Section C403.7.7.2:

3.2.1 Variable-air-volume hood exhaust and room supply systems capable of reducing exhaust and makeup air volume to 50 percent or less of design values.

3.2.2 Direct makeup (auxiliary) air supply equal to at least 75 percent of the exhaust rate, heated no warmer than 2°F (1.1°C) above room set point, cooled to no cooler than 3°F (1.7°C) below room set point, no humidification added, and no simultaneous heating and cooling used for dehumidification control.

3.3 Systems serving spaces that are heated to less than 60°F (15.5°C) and are not cooled.

3.4 Where more than 60 percent of the outdoor air heating energy is provided from site-recovered energy.

3.5 Systems exhausting toxic, flammable, paint or corrosive fumes or dust.

3.6 Cooling energy recovery in Climate Zones 3C, 4C, 5B, 5C, 6B, 7 and 8.

3.7 Systems requiring dehumidification that employ energy recovery in series with the cooling coil.

3.8 Multi-zone systems where the supply airflow rate is less than the values specified in Tables C403.7.6(1) and C403.7.6(2) for the corresponding percent of outdoor air. Where a value of NR is listed, energy recovery shall not be required.

3.9 Equipment which meets the requirements of Section C403.9.2.4.

3.10 Systems serving Group R-1 and R-3 dwelling or sleeping units where the largest source of air exhausted at a single location at the building exterior is less than 25 percent of the design outdoor air flow rate.

Section C403.7.8.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.7.8.1 Shutoff dampers for building isolation. Outdoor air supply, exhaust openings and relief outlets and stairway and elevator hoistway shaft vents shall be provided with Class I motorized dampers. See Sections C403.10.1 and C403.10.2 for ductwork insulation requirements upstream and downstream of the shutoff damper.

Exceptions:

1. Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers shall be permitted in lieu of motorized dampers as follows:

1.1. Relief dampers serving systems less than 300 cfm total supply shall be permitted.

1.2. Gravity (nonmotorized) dampers where the design outdoor air intake or exhaust capacity does not exceed 300 cfm (189 L/s).

1.3. Systems serving areas which require continuous operation for 24/7 occupancy schedules.

2. Shutoff dampers are not required in:

2.1. Combustion air intakes.

2.2. Systems serving areas which require continuous operation in animal hospitals, kennels and pounds, laboratories, and Group H, I and R occupancies.

2.3. Subduct exhaust systems or other systems that are required to operate continuously by the International Mechanical Code.

2.4. Type I grease exhaust systems or other systems where dampers are prohibited by the International Mechanical Code to be in the airstream.

2.5. Unconditioned stairwells or unconditioned elevator hoistway shafts that are only connected to unconditioned spaces.

Section 403.8.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.8.1 Allowable fan motor horsepower. Each HVAC system having a total fan system motor nameplate horsepower exceeding 5 hp (3.7kW) at fan system design conditions shall not exceed the allowable fan system motor nameplate hp (Option 1) or fan system bhp (Option 2) as shown in Table C403.8.1(1). This includes supply fans, exhaust fans, return/relief fans, and fan-powered VAV air terminal units associated with systems providing heating or cooling capability. Single zone variable-air-volume systems shall comply with the constant volume fan power limitation. Zone heating and/or cooling terminal units installed in conjunction with a dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS) shall be evaluated as separate HVAC systems for allowable fan motor horsepower.

Exceptions:

1. Hospital, vivarium and laboratory systems that utilize flow control devices on exhaust or return to maintain space pressure relationships necessary for occupant health and safety or environmental control shall be permitted to use variable volume fan power limitation.

2. Individual exhaust fans with motor nameplate horsepower of 1 hp or less are exempt from the allowable fan motor horsepower requirements, but must meet the requirements of Section C405.8 for fractional hp fan motors.

Section 403.8.3 is amended to read as follows:

C403.8.3 Fan efficiency. Fans shall have a fan efficiency grade (FEG) of 67 or higher based on manufacturers’ certified data, as defined by AMCA 205. The total efficiency of the fan at the design point of operation shall be within 15 percentage points of the maximum total efficiency of the fan.

Exception: The following fans are not required to have a fan efficiency grade:

1. Individual fans with a motor nameplate horsepower of 5 hp (3.7 kW) or less that are not part of a group operated as the functional equivalent of a single fan.

2. Multiple fans in series or parallel that have a combined motor nameplate horsepower of 5 hp (3.7 kW) or less and are operated as the functional equivalent of a single fan.

3. Fans that are part of equipment covered under Section C403.3.2.

4. Fans included in an equipment package certified by an approved agency for air or energy performance.

5. Powered wall/roof ventilators.

6. Fans outside the scope of AMCA 205.

7. Fans that are intended to operate only during emergency conditions.

8. Fans and fan arrays having a fan energy index (FEI) of not less than 1.00, or 0.95 for VAV systems, at the design point of operation, as determined in accordance with AMCA 208 by an approved, independent testing laboratory and labeled by the manufacturer. The FEI for fan arrays shall be calculated in accordance with AMCA 208 Annex C.

Section C403.8.4 is amended to read as follows:

C403.8.4 Group R occupancy ventilation fan efficacy. The Group R occupancies of the building shall be provided with ventilation that meets the requirements of the International Mechanical Code, as applicable, or with other approved means of ventilation. Mechanical ventilation system fans with 400 cfm or less in capacity shall meet the efficacy requirements of Table C403.8.4 at one or more rating points. Air flow shall be tested in accordance with Home Ventilating Standard (HVI) Standard 916 and listed. Fan efficacy shall be listed or shall be derived from listed power and airflow. Fan efficacy for fully ducted HRV, ERV, balanced, and in-line fans shall be determined at a static pressure of not less than 0.2 inch w.c. Fan efficacy for other exhaust fans shall be determined at a static pressure of not less than 0.1 inch w.c.

Exceptions:

1. Where whole house ventilation fans are integrated with forced-air systems that are tested and listed HVAC equipment, provided they are powered by an electronically commutated motor where required by Section C405.8.

2. Domestic clothes dryer booster fans, domestic range hood exhaust fans, and domestic range booster fans that operate intermittently.

Section 403.9.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.9.1 Heat rejection equipment. Heat rejection equipment, including air-cooled condensers, dry coolers, open-circuit cooling towers, closed-circuit cooling towers and evaporative condensers, shall comply with this section.

Exception: Heat rejection devices where energy use is included in the equipment efficiency ratings listed in Tables C403.3.2(1)A, C403.3.2(1)B, C403.3.2(1)C, C403.3.2(2), C403.3.2(3), C403.3.2(7) and C403.3.2(9).

Heat rejection equipment shall have a minimum efficiency performance not less than values specified in Table C403.3.2(8).

Cooling towers serving chilled water systems shall be selected to maintain a return condenser water temperature to the tower of 86°F (30°C) or less at peak design conditions.

EXCEPTION: In existing buildings where physical constraints preclude a change from the original design, replacement cooling towers of the same or smaller capacity are exempt from this requirement.

Single-pass water cooling systems that use domestic water only one time before dumping it to waste shall not be used for hydronic heat pump and other cooling and refrigeration equipment, including but not limited to icemakers and walk-in coolers.

EXCEPTIONS:

1. Replacement of existing icemakers is exempt from this requirement.

2. Use of single-pass cooling for medical and dental equipment during power outages and other emergencies is exempt from this requirement.

Section 403.9.2.2 is amended to read as follows:

C403.9.2.2 Steam condensate systems. On-site steam heating systems shall have condensate water recovery. On-site includes a system that is located within or adjacent to one or more buildings within the boundary of a contiguous area or campus under one ownership and which serves one or more of those buildings.

Buildings using steam generated off-site with steam heating systems which do not have condensate water recovery shall have condensate heat recovery.

Section 403.9.2.3 is amended to read as follows:

C403.9.2.3 Refrigeration condenser heat recovery. Facilities having food service, meat or deli departments and having 500,000 Btu/h or greater of remote refrigeration condensers shall have condenser waste heat recovery from freezers and coolers and shall use the waste heat for service water heating, space heating or for dehumidification reheat. Facilities having a gross conditioned floor area of 40,000 ft2 or greater and 1,000,000 Btu/h or greater of remote refrigeration shall have condenser waste heat recovery from freezers and coolers and shall use the waste heat for service water heating, and either for space heating or for dehumidification reheat for maintaining low space humidity. The required heat recovery system shall have the capacity to provide the smaller of:

1. 60 percent of the peak heat rejection load at design conditions, or

2. 50 percent of the sum of the service water heating load plus space heating load.

Section C403.10.2 is amended to read as follows:

C403.10.2 Duct construction. Ductwork shall be constructed and erected in accordance with the International Mechanical Code. For the purposes of this section, longitudinal seams are joints oriented in the direction of airflow. Transverse joints are connections of two duct sections oriented perpendicular to airflow. Duct wall penetrations are openings made by any screw, fastener, pipe, rod or wire. All other connections are considered transverse joints, including but not limited to spin-ins, taps and other branch connections, access door frames and jambs, and duct connections to equipment.

Section C403.10.2.3 is amended to read as follows:

C403.10.2.3 High-pressure and exterior duct systems. Ducts designed to operate at static pressures equal to or greater than 3 inches water gauge (w.g.) (750 Pa) and all supply and return ductwork located outside the building thermal envelope that serves a conditioned space shall be insulated and sealed in accordance with Section C403.10.1. In addition, ducts and plenums shall be leak-tested in accordance with the SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual and shown to have a rate of air leakage (CL) less than or equal to 4.0, regardless of the Design Construction Pressure Class level, as determined in accordance with Equation 4-9. Ducts shall be tested using a pressure equal to the average operating pressure or the design Duct Construction Pressure Class level in accordance with the SMACNA HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual.

Documentation shall be furnished by the designer demonstrating that representative sections totaling at least 25 percent of the duct area have been tested and that all tested sections meet the requirements of this section.

Section C403.10.3 is amended to read as follows:

C403.10.3 Piping insulation. All piping, other than refrigerant piping, serving as part of a heating or cooling system shall be thermally insulated in accordance with Table C403.10.3.

Exceptions:

1. Factory-installed piping within HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with a test procedure referenced by this code.

2. Factory-installed piping within room fan-coils and unit ventilators tested and rated according to AHRI 440 (except that the sampling and variation provisions of Section 6.5 shall not apply) and 840, respectively.

3. Piping that conveys fluids that have a design operating temperature range between 60°F (15°C) and 105°F (41°C).

4. Piping that conveys fluids that have not been heated or cooled through the use of fossil fuels or electric power.

5. Strainers, control valves, and balancing valves associated with piping 1 inch (25 mm) or less in diameter.

6. Direct buried piping that conveys fluids at or below 60°F (15°C).

Section C403.10.3.1 is amended to read as follows:

C403.10.3.1 Protection of piping insulation. Piping insulation exposed to weather shall be protected from damage, including that due to sunlight, moisture, equipment maintenance and wind, and shall provide shielding from solar radiation that can cause degradation of the material. Adhesive tape shall not be permitted.

A new section, Section C403.10.4 is added and shall read as follows:

C403.10.4 Insulation of refrigerant piping. Refrigerant piping, other than piping factory installed in HVAC equipment, shall have minimum 1/2-inch insulation within conditioned spaces and 1-inch insulation outside of conditioned spaces, at a conductivity rating of 0.21 to 0.26 Btu x in/(h x ft2 x °F) with a mean temperature rating of 75°F.

Section C403.12 is amended to read as follows:

C403.12 High efficiency single-zone variable air volume (VAV) systems. For HVAC systems subject to the requirements of Section C403.3.5 but utilizing Exception 2 of that section, a high efficiency single-zone VAV system may be provided without a separate parallel DOAS when the system is designed, installed, and configured to comply with all of the following criteria (this option shall not be used as a substitution for a DOAS per Section C406.6 or as a modification to the requirements for the Standard Reference Design in accordance with Section C407):

1. The single-zone VAV system is provided with airside economizer in accordance with Section 403.3 without exceptions.

2. A direct-digital control (DDC) system is provided to control the system as a single zone in accordance with Section C403.4.11 regardless of sizing thresholds of Table C403.4.11.1.

3. Single-zone VAV systems with a minimum outdoor air requirement of 1,000 cfm (472 L/s) or greater shall be equipped with a device capable of measuring outdoor airflow intake under all load conditions. The system shall be capable of increasing or reducing the outdoor airflow intake based on Section C403.7.1, Demand controlled ventilation.

4. Allowable fan motor horsepower shall not exceed 90 percent of the allowable HVAC fan system bhp (Option 2) as defined by Section C403.8.1.1.

5. Each single-zone VAV system shall be designed to vary the supply fan airflow as a function of heating and cooling load and minimum fan speed shall not be more than the greater of:

5.1. 30 percent of peak design airflow; or

5.2. The required ventilation flow assuming no occupants.

6. Spaces that are larger than 150 square feet (14 m2) and with an occupant load greater than or equal to 25 people per 1000 square feet (93 m2) of floor area (as established in Table 403.3.1.1 of the International Mechanical Code) shall be provided with all of the following features:

6.1. Demand control ventilation (DCV) shall be provided that utilizes a carbon dioxide sensor to reset the ventilation set point of the single-zone VAV system from the design minimum to design maximum ventilation rate as required by Chapter 4 of the International Mechanical Code.

6.2. Occupancy sensors shall be provided that are configured to reduce the minimum ventilation rate to zero and setback room temperature set points by a minimum of 5°F, for both cooling and heating, when the space is unoccupied.

7. Single-zone VAV systems shall comply with one of the following options:

7.1. Single-zone VAV air handling units with a hydronic heating coil connected to systems with hot water generation equipment limited to the following types of equipment: gas-fired hydronic boilers with a thermal efficiency, Et, of not less than 92 percent, air-to-water heat pumps or heat recovery chillers. Hydronic heating coils shall be sized for a maximum entering hot water temperature of 120°F for peak anticipated heating load conditions.

7.2. Single-zone VAV air handing units with a chilled water coil connected to systems with chilled water generation equipment with IPLV values more than 25 percent higher than the minimum part load efficiencies listed in Table C403.3.2(7), in the appropriate size category, using the same test procedures. Equipment shall be listed in the appropriate certification program to qualify. The smallest chiller or compressor in the central plant shall not exceed 20 percent of the total central plant cooling capacity or the chilled water system shall include thermal storage sized for a minimum of 20 percent of the total central cooling plant capacity.

7.3. Single-zone VAV air handling units with DX cooling, heat pump heating or gas-fired furnace shall comply with the following requirements as applicable:

7.3.1. Have a DX cooling coil with cooling part load efficiency that are a minimum of 15 percent higher than the minimum SEER or IEER listed in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2).

7.3.2. Have a gas-fired furnace with a thermal efficiency, Et, of not less than 90 percent or heat pump with a minimum heating HSPF or COP efficiency that are a minimum of 10 percent higher than the minimum heating efficiency in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2).

7.3.3. Heating coils or burner output shall be modulating or have a minimum of 2 stages with the first stage being less than 50 percent of total heating capacity. Cooling coils shall be modulating or have a minimum of 2 stages with the first stage being less than 50 percent of the total cooling capacity.

8. The DDC system shall include a fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) system complying with the following:

8.1. The following temperature sensors shall be permanently installed to monitor system operation:

8.1.1. Outside air.

8.1.2. Supply air.

8.1.3. Return air.

8.2. Temperature sensors shall have an accuracy of ±2°F (1.1°C) over the range of 40°F to 80°F (4°C to 26.7°C).

8.3. The single-zone VAV air handling unit controller shall be configured to provide system status by indicating the following:

8.3.1. Free cooling available.

8.3.2. Economizer enabled.

8.3.3. Compressor enabled.

8.3.4. Heating enabled.

8.3.5. Mixed air low limit cycle active.

8.3.6. The current value of each sensor.

8.4. The single-zone VAV air handling unit controller shall be capable of manually initiating each operating mode so that the operation of compressors, economizers, fans and the heating system can be independently tested and verified.

8.5. The single-zone VAV air handling unit shall be configured to report faults to a fault management application able to be accessed by day-to-day operating or service personnel or annunciated locally on zone thermostats.

8.6. The FDD system shall be configured to detect the following faults:

8.6.1. Air temperature sensor failure/fault.

8.6.2. Not economizing when the unit should be economizing.

8.6.3. Economizing when the unit should not be economizing.

8.6.4. Outdoor air or return air damper not modulating.

8.6.5. Excess outdoor air.

A new Section, Section C403.14 is added and shall read as follows:

C403.14 Compressed air and vacuum air. Compressed air and vacuum air systems shall comply with all of the following:

EXCEPTION: Compressed air and vacuum air systems used for medical purposes are exempt from this section.

1. Air Compressors (50-150 PSI), General: Air compressors operating at 50-150 PSI shall comply with the following:

a. All water drains shall be “no air loss” drains.

b. Timed unheated desiccant air driers shall not be allowed.

2. Rotary Screw Air Compressors over 10 hp (50-150 PSI): Rotary screw air compressors over 10 hp operating at 50-150 PSI shall not rely on modulation control and shall have one of the following:

a. Receiver capacity greater than three gallons per cfm to allow efficient load/unload control;

b. Variable speed drive controlled air compressor; or

c. Multiple air compressors using a smaller trim-air compressor to trim. The trim compressor shall use variable speed drive control, or shall use load/unload control with greater than three gallon receiver capacity per cfm for the trim air compressor.

A new section, Section C403.15 is added and shall read as follows:

C403.15 Commercial food service. The following types of equipment within the scope of the applicable Energy Star program shall comply with the energy-efficiency and water-efficiency criteria required to achieve the Energy Star label:

a. Commercial fryers: Energy Star Program Requirements for Commercial Fryers.

b. Commercial hot food holding cabinets: Energy Star Program Requirements for Hot Food Holding Cabinets.

c. Commercial steam cookers: Energy Star Program Requirements for Commercial Steam Cookers.

d. Commercial dishwashers: Energy Star Program Requirements for Commercial Dishwashers.

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SECTION C404

SERVICE WATER HEATING AND PRESSURE-BOOSTER SYSTEMS

Table C404.2 is amended to read as follows:

For SI: °C = [(°F) – 32]/1.8, 1 British thermal unit per hour = 0.2931 W, 1 gallon = 3.785 L, 1 British thermal unit per hour per gallon = 0.078 W/L.

a. Energy factor (EF) and thermal efficiency (Et) are minimum requirements. In the EF equation, V is the rated volume in gallons.

b. Standby loss (SL) is the maximum Btu/h based on a nominal 70°F temperature difference between stored water and ambient requirements. In the SL equation, Q is the nameplate input rate in Btu/h. In the SL equation for electric water heaters, V is the rated volume in gallons and Vm is the measured volume in gallons. In the SL equation for oil and gas water heaters and boilers, V is the rated volume in gallons.

c. Instantaneous water heaters with input rates below 200,000 Btu/h must comply with these requirements if the water heater is designed to heat water to temperatures 180°F or higher.

d. Electric water heaters with an input rating of 12kW (40,950 Btu/h) or less that are designed to heat water to temperatures of 180°F or greater shall comply with the requirements for electric water heaters that have an input rating greater than 12 kW.

e. A tabletop water heater is a water heater that is enclosed in a rectangular cabinet with a flat top surface not more than three feet (0.91 m) in height.

f. A grid-enabled water heater is an electric resistance water heater that meets all of the following:

1. Has a rated storage tank volume of more than 75 gallons.

2. Is manufactured on or after April 16, 2015.

3. Is equipped at the point of manufacture with an activation lock.

4. Bears a permanent label applied by the manufacturer that complies with all of the following:

4.1. Is made of material not adversely affected by water.

4.2. Is attached by means of non-water soluble adhesive.

4.3. Advises purchasers and end-users of the intended and appropriate use of the product with the following notice printed in 16.5 point Arial Narrow Bold font: “IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This water heater is intended only for use as a part of an electric thermal storage or demand response program. It will not provide adequate hot water unless enrolled in such a program and activated by your utility company or another program operator. Confirm the availability of a program in your local area before purchasing or installing this product.”

g. %/h is the energy consumed to replace the heat lost from the tank while on standby, expressed as a percentage of the total energy in the stored water per hour.

h. In accordance with Section C404.6.1.

A new section, Section C404.2.3 is added as shall read as follows:

C404.2.3 Group R-1 and R-2 occupancies with central service water heating systems. In buildings with central service water heating systems serving four or more Group R-1 or R-2 dwelling or sleeping units, the primary water heating equipment shall not use fossil fuel combustion or electric resistance. Service hot water shall be provided by an air-source heat pump water heating (HPWH) system meeting the requirements of this section. Supplemental service water heating equipment is permitted to use electric resistance in compliance with Section C404.2.3.4.

Exceptions.

1. Permits applied for prior to January 1, 2022.

2. Solar thermal, wastewater heat recovery, other approved waste heat recovery, ground source heat pump, watersource heat pump system utilizing waste heat, and combinations thereof, are permitted to offset all or any portion of the required HPWH capacity where such systems comply with this code and the Uniform Plumbing Code.

3. Systems meeting the requirements of the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) Advanced Water Heater Specifications for central service water heating systems.

City Informative Note: As of the publication of this code, publication of the NEEA AWHS for central service water heating systems is still pending. See https://neea.org/resources/advanced-water-heating-specification for updated information.

A new section, Section C404.2.3.1 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.2.3.1 Primary heat pump system sizing. The system shall include a primary service minimum output at 40°F outdoor air temperature that provides sufficient hot water for R-1 and/or R-2 occupancy uses as calculated using the equipment manufacturer’s selection criteria or another approved methodology. Air source heat pumps shall be sized to deliver no less than 50 percent of the calculated demand for hot water production during the peak demand period when entering air temperature is 24°F.

Exception. 50 percent sizing at 24°F is not required for heat pumps located in a below-grade enclosed parking structure or other ventilated and unconditioned space that is not anticipated to fall below 40°F at any time.

City Informative Note: Estimates of the appropriate heat pump system sizing and hot water storage volume for HPHW systems, calculated per bedroom or per occupant, vary widely, depending on type of use, output capacity of the heat pumps, and other factors.

A new section, Section C404.2.3.2 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.2.3.2 Primary hot water storage sizing. The system shall provide sufficient hot water, as calculated using an approved methodology, to satisfy peak demand period requirements.

A new section, Section C404.2.3.3 and C404.2.3.3.1 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.2.3.3. System Design. The service water heating system shall be configured to conform to one of the following provisions.

1. For single-pass HPWHs, temperature maintenance heating provided for reheating return water from the building’s heated water circulation system shall be physically decoupled from the primary service water heating system storage tank(s) in a manner that prevents destratification of the primary system storage tanks. Temperature maintenance heating is permitted to be provided by electric resistance or a separate dedicated heat pump system.

2. For multi-pass HPWHs, recirculated temperature maintenance water is permitted to be returned to the primary water storage tanks for reheating.

C404.2.3.3.1 Mixing valve. A thermostatic mixing valve capable of supplying hot water to the building at the user temperature set point shall be provided, in compliance with requirements of the Uniform Plumbing Code and the HPWH manufacturer’s installation guidelines. The mixing valve shall be sized and rated to deliver tempered water in a range from the minimum flow of the temperature maintenance recirculation system up to the maximum demand for the fixtures served.

A new section, Section C404.2.3.4 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.2.3.4. Supplemental Water Heaters. Total supplemental electric resistance water heating equipment shall not have an output capacity greater than the primary water heating equipment at 40°F entering air temperature. Supplemental electric resistance heating is permitted for the following uses:

1. Temperature maintenance of heated-water circulation systems, physically separate from the primary service water heating system. Temperature maintenance heating capacity shall be no greater than the primary water heating capacity at 40°F.

2. Defrost of compressor coils.

3. Heat tracing of piping for freeze protection or for temperature maintenance in lieu of recirculation of hot water.

4. Backup or low ambient temperature conditions, where all of the following are true:

a. The supplemental heating capacity is no greater than the primary service water heating capacity at 40°F.

b. During normal operations the supplemental heating is controlled to operate only when the entering air temperature at the air-source HPWH is below 40°F, and the primary HPWH compressor continues to operate together with the supplemental heating when the entering air temperature is between 17°F and 40°F.

c. The primary water heating equipment cannot satisfy the system load due to equipment failure or entering air temperature below 40°F.

5. Supplemental heating downstream from a multi-pass HPWH system.

6. Stand-alone electric water heaters serving single zones not served by the central water heating system.

A new section, Section C404.2.3.5 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.2.3.5 Alarms. The control system shall be capable of and configured to send automatic error alarms to building or maintenance personnel upon detection of equipment faults, low leaving water temperature from primary storage tanks, or low hot water supply delivery temperature to building distribution system.

Table C404.3.1 is amended to read as follows:

Section C404.4 is amended to read as follows:

C404.4 Heat traps for hot water storage tanks. Storage tank-type water heaters and hot water storage tanks that have vertical water pipes connecting to the inlet and outlet of the tank shall be provided with integral heat such vertical at those inlets and outlets or shall have pipe-configured heat traps in the piping connected to those inlets and outlets. Tank inlets and outlets associated with solar water heating system circulation loops shall not be required to have heat traps.

A new Section, Section C404.6.1 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.6.1 Storage tank insulation. Unfired storage tanks used to store service hot water at temperatures above 130°F shall be wrapped with an insulating product, installed in accordance with the insulation manufacturer’s instructions and providing a minimum of R-2 additional insulation for every 10°F increase in stored water temperature above 130°F. Such additional insulation is also permitted to be integral to the tank. The insulation is permitted to be discontinuous at structural supports.

Section C404.7.1 shall be amended to read as follows:

C404.7.1 Circulation systems. Heated-water circulation systems shall be provided with a circulation pump. The system return pipe shall be a dedicated return pipe. Gravity and thermo-syphon circulation systems shall be prohibited. Controls shall start the pump based on the identification of a demand for hot water within the occupancy, according to the requirements of Sections C404.7.1.1 and C404.7.1.2.

C404.7.1.1 Single riser systems. Where the circulation system serves only a single domestic hot water riser or zone, the following controls shall be provided:

1. Control to automatically turn off the pump when the water in the circulation loop is at the supply temperature and shall not turn the pump back on until the temperature is a minimum of 10°F lower than the supply temperature or have controls equipped with automatic time switches or other controls that can be set to switch off the pump during unoccupied hours when hot water is not required.

2. Control shall be equipped with manual switch or other controls that can be used to turn off the pump during extended periods when hot water is not required.

C404.7.1.2 Multiple riser systems. Where the circulation system serves multiple domestic hot water risers or piping zones, controls shall be provided such that they can be set to switch off the pump during extended periods when hot water is not required. System shall include means for balancing the flow rate through each individual hot water supply riser or piping zone. For heated water circulation systems that have multiple risers and use a variable flow circulation pump, each riser shall have a self-actuating thermostatic balancing valve.

C404.7.1.3 Electronic thermostatic mixing valve (TMV). Where a heated water circulation system utilizes an electronic TMV to control the temperature of hot water supplied to the building, the TMV shall be configured so that it either reverts closed (fully COLD) or maintains its current valve position upon power failure or cessation of circulation flow.

A new section C404.7.3.1 is added and shall read as follows:

C404.7.3.1 Pipe insulation. For heated water circulation systems, both supply and return pipe insulation shall be at minimum 1.0 inch thicker than that required by Table C403.10.3.

Exception. Where piping is centered within a wall, ceiling, or floor framing cavity with a depth at least 4” greater than the diameter of the pipe and that is completely filled with batt or blown-in insulation, additional pipe insulation is not required.

Section C404.8 is added to read as follows:

C404.8 Demand recirculation controls. Demand recirculation water systems are not permitted.

Section C404.11.1 is amended to read as follows:

C404.11.1 Heaters. Pool water heaters using electric resistance heating as the primary source of heat are prohibited for pools over 2,000 gallons. Heat pump pool heaters shall have a minimum COP of 4.0 at 50°F db, 44.2°F wb outdoor air and 80°F entering water, determined in accordance with AHRI Standard 1160, Performance Rating of Heat Pump Pool Heaters. Other pool heating equipment shall comply with the applicable efficiencies in Section C404.2.

The electric power to all heaters shall be controlled by an on-off switch that is an integral part of the heater, mounted on the exterior of the heater, or external to and within 3 feet of the heater in a location with ready access. Operation of such switch shall not change the setting of the heater thermostat. Such switches shall be in addition to a circuit breaker for the power to the heater. Gas fired heaters shall not be equipped with constant burning pilot lights.

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SECTION C405

ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS

Section C405.1 is amended to read as follows:

C405.1 General. This section covers lighting system controls, the maximum lighting power for interior and exterior applications, electrical energy consumption, vertical and horizontal transportation systems, and minimum efficiencies for motors and transformers. Receptacles shall be controlled according to Section C405.10. Controlled receptacles and lighting systems shall be commissioned according to Section C405.12. Solar readiness shall be provided according to Section C411 and renewable energy shall be provided according to Section C412.

Dwelling units within multi-family buildings shall comply with Sections C405.1.1 and C405.7. All other dwelling units in dormitory, hotel and other residential occupancies that are not classified as multi-family residential occupancies shall comply with Section C405.2.5 and Section C405.1.1 or Section C405.4. Sleeping units shall comply with Section C405.2.5 and Section C405.1.1 or Section C405.4.

Lighting installed in walk-in coolers, walk-in freezers, refrigerated warehouse coolers and refrigerated warehouse freezers shall comply with the lighting requirements of Section C410.2.

Transformers, uninterruptable power supplies, motors and electrical power processing equipment in data center systems shall comply with Section 8 of ASHRAE Standard 90.4 in addition to this code.

Section C405.2 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2 Lighting controls. Lighting systems shall be provided with controls that comply with Item 1 or Item 2 of the following:

1. Lighting controls as specified in Sections C405.2.1 through C405.2.7. In addition, any contiguous open office area larger than 5,000 square feet shall have its general lighting controlled by either:

1.1. An enhanced digital lighting control system conforming to the requirements of Section C406.4; or

1.2. Luminaire-level lighting controls (LLLC) conforming to the requirements in Item 2 of this subsection.

2. Luminaire level lighting controls (LLLC) for all areas and lighting controls as specified in Sections C405.2.1, C405.2.3 and C405.2.5. The LLLC luminaires shall be independently configured to:

2.1 Monitor occupant activity to brighten or dim lighting when occupied or unoccupied, respectively.

2.2 Monitor ambient light, both electric and daylight, and brighten or dim artificial light to maintain desired light level. A maximum of 8 fixtures are permitted to be controlled together to maintain uniform light levels within a single daylight zone.

2.3 For each control strategy, be capable of configuration and re-configuration of performance parameters including: bright and dim set points, timeouts, dimming fade rates, sensor sensitivity adjustments, and wireless zoning configuration.

Exception to Section C405.2: Except for specific application controls required by Section C405.2.5, lighting controls are not required for the following:

1. Areas designated as security or emergency areas that are required to be continuously lighted.

2. Means of egress illumination serving the exit access that does not exceed 0.01 watts per square foot of building area is exempt from this requirement.

3. Emergency egress lighting that is normally off.

4. Industrial or manufacturing process areas, as may be required for production and safety.

Section 405.2.1.3 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.1.3 Occupant sensor control function in open plan office areas. Occupant sensor controls in open plan office spaces less than 300 square feet (28 m2) in area shall comply with Section C405.2.1.1. Occupant sensor controls in all other open plan office spaces shall be configured to comply with all of the following:

1. General lighting is controlled separately in control zones with floor areas not greater than 600 square feet (55 m2) within the open plan office space.

2. Automatically turn off general lighting in all control zones within 20 minutes after all occupants have left the open plan office space.

3. General lighting power in each control zone is reduced by not less than 80 percent of the full zone general lighting power within 20 minutes of all occupants leaving that control zone. Control functions that switch control zone lights completely off when the zone is unoccupied meet this requirement.

4. Daylight responsive controls activate open plan office space general lighting or control zone general lighting only when occupancy for the same area is detected.

5. Lighting controls in open plan office areas larger than 5,000 square feet must also comply with Section C405.2(1).

Section C405.2.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.2.1 Time switch control function. Time switch controls shall comply with the following:

1. Have a minimum 7 day clock.

2. Be capable of being set for 7 different day types per week.

3. Incorporate an automatic holiday "shut-off" feature, which turns off all controlled loads for at least 24 hours and then resumes normally scheduled operations.

4. Have program back-up capabilities, which prevent the loss of program and time settings for at least 10 hours, if power is interrupted.

5. Include an override switching device that complies with the following:

5.1. The override switch shall be a manual control.

5.2. The override switch, when initiated, shall permit the controlled lighting to remain on for not more than 2 hours.

5.3. Any individual override switch shall control the lighting for an area not larger than 2,500 square feet (232 m2).

6. Time switch controls are allowed to automatically turn on lighting to full power in corridors, lobbies, restrooms, storage rooms less than 50 square feet, and medical areas of healthcare facilities. In all other spaces, time switch controls are allowed to automatically turn on the lighting to not more than 50 percent power.

Exception: Within mall concourses, auditoriums, sales areas, manufacturing facilities, pools, gymnasiums, skating rinks and sports arenas:

1.1. The time limit shall be permitted to be greater than 2 hours provided the switch is a captive key device.

1.2. The area controlled by the override switch shall not be limited to 5,000 square feet (465 m2) provided that such area is less than 20,000 square feet (1860 m2).

Section C405.2.3 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.3 Manual controls. Stairwells and parking garages are not permitted to use manual switches. All other lighting shall have manual controls complying with the following:

1. They shall be in a location with ready access to occupants.

2. They shall be located where the controlled lights are visible, or shall identify the area served by the lights and indicate their status.

3. Each control device shall control an area no larger than a single room or 2,500 square feet, whichever is less, if the room area is less than or equal to 10,000 square feet; or one-quarter of the room or 10,000 square feet, whichever is less, if the room area is greater than 10,000 square feet.

Exceptions:

1. A manual control may be installed in a remote location for the purpose of safety or security provided each remote control device has an indicator pilot light as part of or next to the control device and the light is clearly labeled to identify the controlled lighting.

2. Restrooms.

Section C405.2.3.1 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.3.1 Light reduction controls. Manual controls shall be configured to provide light reduction control that allows the occupant to reduce the connected lighting load between 30 and 70 percent. Lighting reduction shall be achieved by one of the following approved methods:

1. Controlling all lamps or luminaires.

2. Dual switching of alternate rows of luminaires, alternate luminaires or alternate lamps.

3. Switching the middle in three-lamp lamp luminaires independently of the outer lamps.

4. Switching each luminaire or each lamp.

Exceptions:

1. Light reduction controls are not required in daylight zones with daylight responsive controls complying with Section C405.2.4.

2. Where provided with manual control, the following areas are not required to have light reduction control:

2.1. Spaces that have only one luminaire with a rated power of less than 100 watts.

2.2. Spaces that use less than 0.6 watts per square foot (6.5 W/m2).

2.3. Lighting in corridors, lobbies, electrical rooms, restrooms, storage rooms, airport concourse baggage areas, dwelling and sleeping rooms and mechanical rooms.

Section C405.2.4 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.4 Daylight responsive controls. Daylight responsive controls complying with Section C405.2.4.1 shall be provided to control the lighting within daylight zones in the following spaces:

1. Sidelit zones as defined in Section C405.2.4.2 with more than two general lighting fixtures within the combined primary and secondary sidelit zones.

2. Toplit zones as defined in Section C405.2.4.3 with more than two general lighting fixtures within the daylight zone.

Exception: Daylight responsive controls are not required for the following:

1. Spaces in health care facilities where patient care is directly provided.

2. Lighting that is required to have specific application control in accordance with Section C405.2.5.

3. Sidelit zones on the first floor above grade in Group A-2 and Group M occupancies where the fenestration adjoins a sidewalk or other outdoor pedestrian area, provided that the light fixtures are controlled separately from the general area lighting.

4. Daylight zones where the total proposed lighting power density is less than 35 percent of the lighting power allowance per Section C405.4.2.

Section C405.2.4.1 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.4.1 Daylight responsive controls function. Where required, daylight responsive controls shall be provided within each space for control of lights in that space and shall comply with all of the following:

1. Lights in primary sidelit zones shall be controlled independently of lights in secondary sidelit zones in accordance with Section C405.2.4.2.

Exception: Spaces enclosed by walls or ceiling height partitions with no more than three general lighting fixtures may have combined daylight zone control of primary and secondary daylight zones provided uniform illumination can be achieved.

2. Lights in toplit zones in accordance with Section C405.2.4.3 shall be controlled independently of lights in sidelit zones in accordance with Section C405.2.4.2.

3. Daylight responsive controls within each space shall be configured so that they can be calibrated from within that space by authorized personnel.

4. Calibration mechanisms shall be in a location with ready access.

5. Daylight responsive controls shall be configured to completely shut off all controlled lights in that zone.

6. Lights in sidelit zones in accordance with Section C405.2.4.2 facing different cardinal orientations (i.e., within 45 degrees of due north, east, south, west) shall be controlled independently of each other.

Exception: Up to two light fixtures in each space are permitted to be controlled together with lighting in a daylight zone facing a different cardinal orientation.

7. Incorporate time-delay circuits to prevent cycling of light level changes of less than three minutes.

8. The maximum area a single daylight responsive control device serves shall not exceed 2,500 square feet (232 m2) and no more than 60 lineal feet (18.3 m) of facade.

9. Occupant override capability of daylight dimming controls is not permitted, other than a reduction of light output from the level established by the daylighting controls.

10. Daylight responsive controls shall be set initially to activate at 30 footcandles (323 lux) or not more than 110 percent of the illuminance level specified on the construction documents.

Section C405.2.5 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.5 Additional lighting controls. Specific application lighting shall be provided with controls, in addition to controls required by other sections, for the following:

1. The following lighting shall be controlled by an occupant sensor complying with Section C405.2.1.1 or a time-switch control complying with Section C405.2.2.1. In addition, a manual control shall be provided to control such lighting separately from the general lighting in the space:

1.1. Display and accent.

1.2. Lighting in display cases.

1.3. Supplemental task lighting, including permanently installed under-shelf or under-cabinet lighting.

1.4. Lighting equipment that is for sale or demonstration in lighting education.

2. Sleeping units shall have control devices or systems configured to automatically switch off all permanently installed luminaires and switched receptacles, including those installed within furniture, within 20 minutes after all occupants have left the unit.

Exceptions:

1. Lighting and switched receptacles controlled by card key controls.

2. Spaces where patient care is directly provided.

3. Permanently installed luminaires within dwelling units shall be provided with controls complying with either Section C405.2.1.1 or C405.2.3.1.

4. Lighting for nonvisual applications, such as plant growth and food warming, shall be controlled by a dedicated control that is independent of the controls for other lighting within the room or space.

5. Luminaires serving the exit access and providing means of egress illumination required by Section 1006.1 of the International Building Code, including luminaires that function as both normal and emergency means of egress illumination shall be controlled by a combination of listed emergency relay and occupancy sensors, or signal from another building control system, that automatically shuts off the lighting when the areas served by that illumination are unoccupied.

Exception: Means of egress illumination serving the exit access that does not exceed 0.01 watts per square foot of building area is exempt from this requirement.

Section C405.2.6.2 is amended to read as follows:

C405.2.6.2 Facade and landscape lighting shutoff. Building facade and landscape lighting shall be configured to automatically shut off between midnight or business/facility closing, whichever is later, and 6 a.m. or business/facility opening, whichever is earlier.

Exception: Areas where an automatic shutoff would endanger safety or security.

Section C405.4.1 is amended to read as follows:

C405.4.1 Total connected interior lighting power. The total connected interior lighting power shall be determined in accordance with Equation 4-10.

As an option, in areas of the building where all interior lighting equipment is fed from dedicated lighting branch circuits, the total connected interior lighting power is permitted to be calculated as the sum of the capacities of the lighting branch circuits serving those areas. For the purposes of this section, the connected interior lighting power of a 20-ampere circuit is considered to be 16 amperes, and that of a 15-ampere circuit is 12 amperes. Use of this alternative and the boundaries of the applicable areas shall be clearly documented on the electrical construction documents.

The connected power associated with the following lighting equipment and applications is not included in calculating total connected lighting power:

1. Television broadcast lighting for playing areas in sports arenas.

2. Emergency lighting automatically off during normal building operation.

3. Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by occupants with special lighting needs including those with visual impairment and other medical and age-related issues.

4. Casino gaming areas.

5. General area lighting power in industrial and manufacturing occupancies dedicated to the inspection or quality control of goods and products.

6. Mirror lighting in dressing rooms.

7. Task lighting for medical and dental purposes that is in addition to general lighting and controlled by an independent control device.

8. Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums and monuments that is in addition to general lighting and controlled by an independent control device.

9. Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film production and video production.

10. Lighting for photographic processes.

11. Lighting integral to equipment or instrumentation and installed by the manufacturer.

12. Lighting for plant growth or maintenance where the lamp has a tested photosynthetic photon efficacy (PPE) per watt of not less than 1.70 micromoles per joule for greenhouses and 1.90 micromoles per joule for indoor plant growth spaces.

13. Advertising signage or directional signage.

14. Lighting for food warming.

15. Lighting equipment that is for sale.

16. Lighting demonstration equipment in lighting education facilities.

17. Lighting approved because of safety considerations.

18. Lighting in retail display windows, provided the display area is enclosed by ceiling-height partitions.

19. Furniture mounted supplemental task lighting that is controlled by automatic shutoff.

20. Exit signs.

21. Lighting used for aircraft painting.

22. Germicidal lighting that is in addition to and controlled independently from the general lighting.

Section C405.4.2.2 is amended to read as follows:

C405.4.2.2 Space-by-space method. For the Space-by-Space Method, the interior lighting power allowance is determined by multiplying the floor area of each space times the value for the space type in Table C405.4.2(2) that most closely represents the proposed use of the space, and then summing the lighting power allowances for all spaces. Tradeoffs among spaces other than covered parking areas are permitted.

Each area enclosed by partitions that are 80 percent of the ceiling height or taller shall be considered a separate space and assigned the appropriate space type from Table C405.4.2(2). If a space has multiple functions where more than one space type is applicable, that space shall be broken up into smaller subspaces, each using their own space type. Any of these subspaces that are smaller in floor area than 20 percent of the enclosed space and less than 1,000 square feet need not be broken out separately.

Table C405.4.2(1) is amended to read as follows:

a. Where sleeping units are excluded from lighting power calculations by application of Section R404.1, neither the area of the sleeping units nor the wattage of lighting in the sleeping units is counted.

b. Where dwelling units are excluded from lighting power calculations by application of Section R404.1, neither the area of the dwelling units nor the wattage of lighting in the dwelling units is counted.

c. Dwelling units are excluded. Neither the area of the dwelling units nor the wattage of lighting in the dwelling units is counted.

Table C405.4.2(2) is amended to read as follows:

Keys to Table C405.4.2(2)

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 watt per square foot = 11 W/m2.

Footnotes to Table C405.4.2(2)

a. In cases where both a common space type and a building area specific space type are listed, the building area specific space type shall apply.

b. A facility for the visually impaired is a facility that is licensed or will be licensed by local or state authorities for senior long-term care, adult daycare, senior support or people with special visual needs.

c. For spaces in which lighting is specified to be installed in addition to, and controlled separately from, the general lighting for the purpose of highlighting art or exhibits, provided that the additional lighting power shall not exceed 0.5 W/ft2 of such spaces.

d. RESERVED.

e. RESERVED.

f. RESERVED.

g. Where sleeping units are excluded from lighting power calculations by application of Section R404.1, neither the area of the sleeping units nor the wattage of lighting in the sleeping units is counted.

h. Where dwelling units are excluded from lighting power calculations by application of Section R404.1, neither the area of the dwelling units nor the wattage of lighting in the dwelling units is counted.

i. Class I facilities consist of professional facilities; and semi-professional, collegiate or club facilities with seating for 5,000 or more spectators.

j. Class II facilities consist of collegiate and semi-professional facilities with seating for fewer than 5,000 spectators; club facilities with seating between 2,000 and 5,000 spectators; and amateur league and high school facilities with seating for more than 2,000 spectators.

k. Class III facilities consist of club, amateur league and high school facilities with seating for 2,000 or fewer spectators.

l. Class IV facilities consist of elementary school and recreational facilities; and amateur league and high school facilities without provisions for spectators.

m. For classrooms, additional lighting power allowance of 4.50 W/lineal foot of white or chalk boards for directional lighting dedicated to white or chalk boards.

n. Additional lighting power allowance of 0.30 W/square foot for ornamental lighting. Qualifying ornamental lighting includes luminaires such as chandeliers, sconces, lanterns, neon and cold cathode, light emitting diodes, theatrical projectors, moving lights and light color panels when any of those lights are used in a decorative manner that does not serve as display lighting or general lighting.

o. For scientific laboratories, additional lighting power allowance of 0.35 Watts per square foot for specialized task work – lighting that provides for small-scale, cognitive or fast performance visual tasks; lighting required for operating specialized equipment associated with pharmaceutical/laboratorial activities.

p. For offices, additional lighting power allowance of 0.20 W/square foot for portable lighting, which includes under shelf or furniture-mounted supplemental task lighting qualifies when controlled by a time clock or an occupancy sensor.

q. For corridors, additional lighting power allowance of 0.25 W/square foot for display lighting and decorative lighting where provided for aesthetic purposes. Decorative lighting fixtures in corridors are also permitted to provide general lighting. This additional allowance is not permitted to be used together with the allowance in footnote c for highlighting art or exhibits.

Section C405.4.2.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C405.4.2.2.1 Additional interior lighting power. Where using the Space-by-Space Method, an increase in the interior lighting power allowance is permitted for specific lighting functions. Additional power shall be permitted only where the specified lighting is installed and automatically controlled separately from the general lighting, to be turned off during nonbusiness hours. This additional power shall be used only for the specified luminaires and shall not be used for any other purpose. An increase in the interior lighting power allowance is permitted for lighting equipment to be installed in sales areas specifically to highlight merchandise. The additional lighting power shall be determined in accordance with Equation 4-11:

Section C405.5.2 is amended to read as follows:

C405.5.2 Total connected exterior building lighting power. The total exterior connected lighting power shall be the total maximum rated wattage of all exterior lighting that is powered through the energy service for the building.

Exception: Lighting used for the following applications shall not be included:

1. Lighting approved because of safety considerations.

2. Emergency lighting automatically off during normal business operation.

3. Exit signs.

4. Specialized signal, directional and marker lighting associated with transportation.

5. Advertising signage or directional signage.

6. Integral to equipment or instrumentation and is installed by its manufacturer.

7. Theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film production and video production.

8. Athletic playing areas.

9. Temporary lighting.

10. Industrial production, material handling, transportation sites and associated storage areas.

11. Theme elements in theme/amusement parks.

12. Lighting integrated within or used to highlight features of art, public monuments and the national flag.

13. Lighting for water features and swimming pools.

14. Lighting that is controlled from within dwelling units, where the lighting complies with Section R404.1.

Section C405.5.3 is amended to read as follows:

C405.5.3 Exterior lighting power allowance. The total exterior lighting power allowance is the sum of the base site allowance plus the individual allowances for areas that are to be illuminated by lighting that is powered through the energy service for the building. Covered parking garage lighting is not considered exterior lighting for the purposes of this calculation. Lighting power allowances are as specified in Table C405.5.3(2). The lighting zone for the building exterior is determined in accordance with Table C405.5.3(1) unless otherwise specified by the code official.

Table C405.5.3(1) is amended to read as follows:

A new Section, Section C405.5.5 is added and shall read as follows:

C405.5.5 Full cutoff luminaires. For open parking and outdoor areas and roadways, luminaires mounted more than 15 feet above the ground shall have a luminaire light distribution in which zero candela intensity occurs at an angle of 90 degrees above nadir, and all greater angles from nadir.

A new section, Section C405.7.1 is added and shall read as follows:

C405.7.1 Electric receptacles at dwelling unit gas appliances. Where dwelling unit appliances are served by natural gas, an electrical receptacle and circuit shall be provided at each gas appliance with sufficient capacity to serve a future electric appliance in the same location. The receptacles and circuits shall be included in the electrical service load calculation and shall meet the requirements of items 1 through 3 below. The receptacle for each gas appliance shall be located within 12 inches of the appliance and without obstructions between the appliance and the outlet. An electric receptacle is not required for a decorative gas fireplace.

1. Each gas range, cooktop, or oven, or combination appliance, location shall be served by a dedicated 240/208-volt, 40-amp receptacle connected to the dwelling unit electric panel with a 3-conductor branch circuit complying with 210.19(A)(3) of the electrical code and a minimum included load of 9600 VA for 240-volt systems or 8000 VA for 208-volt systems.

2. Each gas clothes dryer location shall be served by a dedicated 240/208-volt, 30-amp receptacle connected to the dwelling unit electric panel with a 3-conductor branch circuit and a minimum included load of 5000 VA.

3. Each gas domestic water heater location shall be served by a dedicated 240/208 volt, 30-amp outlet connected to the dwelling unit electrical panel with a 3-conductor branch circuit and a minimum included load of 4500 VA.

Section C405.8 is amended to read as follows:

C405.8 Electric motor efficiency. All electric motors, fractional or otherwise, shall meet the minimum efficiency requirements of Tables C405.8(1) through C405.8(4) when tested and rated in accordance with DOE 10 CFR. The efficiency shall be verified through certification under an approved certification program, or, where no certification program exists, the equipment efficiency rating shall be supported by data furnished by the motor manufacturer.

Exception: The standards in this section shall not apply to the following exempt electric motors.

1. Air-over electric motors.

2. Component sets of an electric motor.

3. Liquid-cooled electric motors.

4. Submersible electric motors.

5. Inverter-only electric motors.

Fractional hp fan motors that are 1/12 hp or greater and less than 1 hp (based on output power) which are not covered by Tables C405.8(3) and C405.8(4) shall be electronically commutated motors or shall have a minimum motor efficiency of 70 percent when rated in accordance with DOE 10 CFR 431. These motors shall also have the means to adjust motor speed for either balancing or remote control. Belt-driven fans may use sheave adjustment for airflow balancing in lieu of a varying motor speed.

Exceptions:

1. Motors that are an integral part of specialized process equipment.

2. Where the motor is integral to a listed piece of equipment for which no complying motor has been approved.

3. Motors used as a component of the equipment meeting the minimum efficiency requirements of Section C403.3.2 and Tables C403.3.2(1) through C403.3.2(13), provided that the motor input is included when determining the equipment efficiency.

4. Motors in the airstream within fan coils and terminal units that operate only when providing heating to the space served.

5. Fan motors that are not covered by Tables C405.8(1) through C405.8(4) and are used to power heat recovery ventilators, energy recovery ventilators, or local exhaust fans in Group R subject to the efficacy requirements of Section C403.8.4.

6. Domestic clothes dryer booster fans, range hood exhaust fans, and domestic range booster fans that operate intermittently.

7. Radon and contaminated soil exhaust fans.

8. Group R heat recovery ventilator and energy recovery ventilator fans that are less than 400 cfm.

Section C405.9.2 is amended to read as follows:

C405.9.2 Escalators and moving walks. Escalators and moving walks shall comply with ASME A17.1/CSA B44 and shall have automatic controls configured to reduce speed to the minimum permitted speed in accordance with ASME A17.1/CSA B44 or applicable local code when not conveying passengers.

Exception: A variable voltage drive system that reduces operating voltage in response to light loading conditions is permitted to be provided in lieu of the variable speed function.

Section C405.10 is amended to read as follows:

C405.10 Controlled receptacles. At least 50 percent of all 125 volt 15- and 20-ampere receptacles installed in private offices, open offices, conference rooms, rooms used primarily for printing and/or copying functions, break rooms, individual workstations and classrooms, including those installed in modular partitions and modular office workstation systems, shall be controlled as required by this section. Either split receptacles shall be provided, with the top receptacle(s) controlled, or a controlled receptacle shall be located within 12 inches (0.3 m) of each uncontrolled receptacle. Controlled receptacles shall be visibly differentiated from standard receptacles using the standard symbol required by the Electrical Code and shall be controlled by one of the following automatic control devices:

1. An occupant sensor that turns receptacle power off when no occupants have been detected for a maximum of 20 minutes.

2. A time-of-day operated control device that turns receptacle power off at specific programmed times and can be programmed separately for each day of the week. The control device shall be configured to provide an independent schedule for each portion of the building not to exceed 5,000 square feet (465 m2) and not to exceed one full floor. The device shall be capable of being overridden for periods of up to two hours by a timer in a location with access to occupants. Any individual override switch shall control the controlled receptacles for a maximum area of 5,000 square feet (465 m2). Override switches for controlled receptacles are permitted to control the lighting within the same area.

Exceptions:

1. Receptacles designated for specific equipment requiring 24-hour operation, for building maintenance functions, or for specific safety or security equipment are not required to be controlled by an automatic control device and are not required to be located within 12 inches of a controlled receptacle.

2. Within a single modular office workstation, non-controlled receptacles are permitted to be located more than 12 inches, but not more than 72 inches, from the controlled receptacles serving that workstation.

City Informative Note: The requirements of this section also apply to rooms and spaces that have substantially similar functions to those listed even when they are labeled with different names. For example, an area designed for office functions that is labeled “work room,” or a room used as a classroom that is labeled “student learning” would each be required to provide controlled receptacles.

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SECTION C406 (for Fossil Fuel Compliance Path only) – ADDITIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY CREDITS

C406.1 Additional energy efficiency measures credit requirements. The project as defined in the building permit shall meet the following requirements as applicable:

1. New buildings, changes in space conditioning category, change of occupancy group, and building additions in accordance with Chapter 5 shall comply with sufficient measures from Section C406.2 so as to achieve the minimum number of required efficiency credits shown in Table C406.1.

2. New buildings greater than 5000 gross square feet of floor area shall comply with sufficient measures from Section C406.3 so as to achieve the minimum number of required load management credits shown in Table C406.1.

3. Tenant spaces shall comply in accordance with Section C406.1.1.

City Informative Note: In this section “tenant space” means any conditioned area within a new building that is constructed for first occupancy under a separate permit from the shell and core permits.

4. Projects using discrete area credit weighting shall comply in accordance with Section C406.1.2.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Low energy spaces in accordance with Section C402.1.1.1, equipment buildings in accordance with Section C402.1.2, unconditioned spaces, open parking garages, and enclosed parking garages that comply with sufficient measures from Table C406.2(2) to achieve a minimum of 50 percent of the efficiency credits required for new construction. Such projects shall be exempt from the load management requirements in Table C406.1.

2. Building additions that have less than 1,000 square feet of conditioned floor area that comply with sufficient measures from Table C406.2(2) to achieve a minimum of 50 percent of the efficiency credits required for additions.

3. Warehouses are exempt from the load management credit requirements in Table C406.1.

Table C406.1
Energy Measure Credit Requirements
Required Credits for Projects		Occupancy Group
Required Credits for Projects	Section	Group R-1	Group R-2	Group B	Group E	Group M	All Other
New building energy efficiency credit requirement	C406.2	59	45	46	53	61	54
Building additions energy efficiency credit requirement	C406.2	30	22	23	25	30	23

C406.1.1 Tenant spaces. An initial tenant improvement shall comply with sufficient measures from Table C406.2(2) to achieve a minimum of efficiency credits required in Table C406.1 and are not required to achieve any load management credits. In projects with multiple tenant spaces, each tenant space is permitted to apply for different measures provided the weighted average of all areas in the project complies with the overall efficiency credit requirement in Table C406.1. Whole building or addition energy credits shall be allocated to tenant spaces in accordance with Sections C406.1.1.1 and C406.1.1.2. This provision only applies to the initial buildout of a tenant space.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. An initial tenant improvement where the core and shell building complied via Section C407 in 2018 or later edition of the Seattle Energy Code.

2. Previously occupied tenant spaces in existing buildings that comply with this code in accordance with Section C501.

C406.1.1.1 Applicable envelope, renewable and elevator energy credits. Where an entire building or building addition complies with Section C406.2.4, C406.2.9, C406.2.10, or C406.2.14, under an initial tenant improvement permit, tenant spaces within the building qualify for the number of credits assigned to the occupancy group of the tenant space in accordance with Table C406.2(2). Where prior energy credits were achieved under the 2018 Washington State Energy Code, they shall be multiplied by 6 for applicability to this code.

C406.1.1.2 Applicable HVAC and service water heating credits. Where HVAC and service water heating systems and services are installed and comply with Section C406.2.4, C406.2.9, C406.2.10, or C406.2.14 under an initial tenant improvement permit, those systems and services shall be considered a part of the tenant space. Tenant spaces qualify for the credits assigned to the occupancy group of the tenant space in accordance with Table C406.2(2) if the tenant space includes the distribution system and equipment that the central HVAC systems or service water heating systems were designed to support.

C406.1.2 Discrete area-weighted project compliance. Discrete building areas are permitted to select different packages of measures provided that the whole project complies with both the energy and load management credit requirements. Compliance shall be determined as follows:

1. Project credits shall be prorated on an area-weighted basis for each occupancy group by multiplying the occupancy group floor area by the number of credits required, and then dividing this value by the total area of all the occupancy groups combined. Where one occupancy group is less than 10 percent of the floor area of the project, use the primary occupancy group for those credits.

2. Occupancies are permitted to be subdivided into discrete areas, with required and achieved credits for each area prorated on an area-weighted basis as required for the occupancy group.

3. Where envelope or lighting power credits in Section C406.2.3.1, C406.2.3.2, or C406.2.3.12 are applied, the lighting power or envelope UA percentage reduction shall be calculated for the project as a whole to determine achieved credits.

4. Determine total project credits achieved by area-weighting the achieved credits by occupancy group in the same manner as for required project credits.

5. A project complies when the achieved number of area-weighted energy and load management credits are equal to or greater than the required area-weighted number of credits.

C406.2 Additional energy efficiency credit measures. Each energy efficiency credit measure used to meet credit requirements for the project shall include efficiency that is greater than the energy efficiency required for the building type and configuration requirements in Sections C402 through C405. Measures installed in the project that meet the requirements in Sections C406.2.1 through C406.2.14 shall achieve the credits listed for the measure and occupancy group in Table C406.2(2)or where calculations required by Sections C406.2.1 through C406.2.14 create or modify the table credits, the credits achieved shall be based upon the section calculations. Projects that choose to comply with either fossil fuel pathway in Section C406.1.3 shall use Table C406.2(2) to achieve credits.

Table C406.2(2)
Efficiency Measure Credits for use with Fossil Fuel Compliance Path
Measure Title	Applicable Section	Prorating Flag	Occupancy Group
Measure Title	Applicable Section	Prorating Flag	Group R 1	Group R 2	Group B	Group E	Group M	All Other
1. Dwelling unit HVAC control	C406.2.2	Heat	NA	8	NA	NA	NA	NA
2. Improved HVAC TSPRa	C406.2.2.1	Heat	NA	9	12	19	24	NA
3. Improve cooling and fan efficiency	C406.2.2.2	Heat	12	8	14	8	10	10
4. Improve heating efficiency	C406.2.2.3	Heat	2	3	3	11	18	8
5. Improved low-carbon district energy system (10% better)	C406.2.2.4		3	3	4	12	19	9
6. Improved low-carbon district energy system (20% better)b	C406.2.2.5		10	11	13	36	57	26
7. High performance DOAS	C406.2.2.6	Heat	34	34	23	43	44	23/ (A) 40c
8. Fault detection & diagnostics (FDD)	C406.2.2.7	Heat	2	2	2	6	9	4
9. 10% reduced lighting power	C406.2.3.1	Heat	7	4	18	16	20	15
10. 20% reduced lighting powerd	C406.2.3.2	Heat	13	8	36	32	40	29
11. Lamp efficacy improvement	C406.2.3.3	Heat	5	6	NA	NA	NA	NA
12. Residential lighting control	C406.2.4.1	Heat	NA	8	NA	NA	NA	NA
13. Enhanced lighting control	C406.2.4.2	Heat	1	1	6	6	11	6
14. Renewable energy	C406.2.5		7	12	13	13	10	11
15. Shower drain heat recovery	C406.2.6.1	SWH	10	33	NA	3	NA	NA
16. Service water heat recovery	C406.2.6.2	SWH	35	111	13	14	(Grocery) 41e	NA
17. Heat pump water heating	C406.2.6.3	SWH	81	261	17	33	(Grocery) 95e	(A-2) 95f
18. Heat trace system	C406.2.7.1	SWH	6	13	4	1	NA	6
19. Point of use water heater	C406.2.7.2	SWH	NA	NA	19	5	NA	NA
20. Service hot water distribution right sizing	C406.2.8	SWH	13	10	NA	NA	NA	NA
21. High performance service hot water temperature maintenance system	C406.2.9	SWH	6	13	4	1	NA	6
(Reserved)
23. Low flow residential showerheads	C406.2.11	SWH	3	3	NA	NA	NA	NA
24. Enhanced envelope performanceg	C406.2.12	Heat	24	20	13	5	19	14
25. Base reduced air leakageg	C406.2.13.2		29	24	6	3	9	11
26. Enhanced reduced air leakageg	C406.2.13.3	Heat	53	44	11	5	16	20
27. (Reserved)
28. Enhanced residential kitchen equipment	C406.2.15	Heat	12	19	NA	NA	NA	NA
29. Enhanced residential laun-dry equipment	C406.2.16	Heat	NA	6	NA	NA	NA	NA
30. Heat pump clothes dryers	C406.2.17	Heat	6	6	NA	NA	NA	NA
31. Efficient elevator equip-ment	C406.2.18	Heat	3	5	5	5	4	4

a. Projects using Item 2 shall not use Items 3 through 5.

b. Projects using C406.2.2.5 shall not use C406.2.2.4.

c. For C406.2.2.6, occupancy Group A achieves 40 credits while other occupancy groups within the “all other” category achieve 21 credits.

d. Projects using C406.2.3.2 shall not use C406.2.3.1.

e. Service water heat recovery and heat pump water heating are available in Group M only for grocery stores larger than 10,000 ft2 . Large mixed retail with full grocery and butcher sections shall achieve half the credits. This credit is not available where refrigeration recovery to heat service hot water is used to meet the requirements of Section C403.9.2.3.

f. Heat pump water heating efficiency credits are available in the "all other" category only for Group A-2.

g. Buildings or building areas that are exempt from the thermal envelope requirements in accordance with Sections C402.1.1 and C402.1.2, do not qualify for this package.

h. (Reserved)

C406.2.1 Dwelling unit and Group R-1 sleeping unit HVAC controls. HVAC systems serving dwelling units or Group R-1 sleeping units shall be controlled with a programmable thermostat that is configured to automatically activate a setback condition of at least 5°F (3°C) for both heating and cooling. The programmable thermostat shall be configured to provide setback during occupied sleep periods. The unoccupied setback mode shall be configured to operate in conjunction with one of the following:

1. A manual main control device by each dwelling unit or Group R-1 sleeping unit main entrance that initiates setback for all HVAC units in the dwelling unit and is clearly identified as “Heating/Cooling Master Setback.”

2. Occupancy sensors in each room of the dwelling unit or Group R-1 sleeping unit combined with a door switch to initiate setback for all HVAC units in the dwelling within 20 minutes of all spaces being vacant immediately following a door switch operation. Where separate room HVAC units are used, an individual occupancy sensor on each unit that is configured to provide setback shall meet this requirement.

3. An advanced learning thermostat that senses occupant presence and automatically creates a schedule for occupancy and provides a dynamic setback schedule based on when the spaces are generally unoccupied.

4. An automated control and sensing system that uses geographic sensing connected to the dwelling unit occupants’ cell phones and initiates the setback condition when all occupants are away from the building.

C406.2.2 More efficient HVAC system performance. All heating and cooling systems shall meet the minimum requirements of Section C403 and efficiency improvements shall be referenced to the minimum efficiency requirements listed in the tables in Section C403.3.2. Where multiple efficiency requirements are listed, equipment shall meet the seasonal efficiencies including SEER, EER/IEER, IPLV or AFUE. Equipment that is larger than the maximum capacity range indicated in the tables in Section C403.3.2 shall utilize the values listed for the largest capacity equipment for the associated equipment type shown in the table. Where multiple individual heating or cooling systems serve the project, the improvement shall be the weighted average improvement based on individual system capacity. This credit shall not be utilized for low energy or semi-heated space conditioning categories. No HVAC systems incorporating fossil fuel-fired equipment, or heat from district energy systems that are primarily heated by fossil fuel combustion, are permitted to utilize this credit.

For occupancies and systems required to comply with Section C403.1.1, credits are permitted to be achieved by meeting the requirements of Section C406.2.2.1. Other systems are permitted to achieve credits by meeting the requirements of either:

1. Section C406.2.2.2, More efficient HVAC equipment cooling and fan performance.

2. Section C406.2.2.3, More efficient HVAC equipment heating performance.

3. Section C406.2.2.4, High performance dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS).

4. Any combination of Sections C406.2.2.2, C406.2.2.3, and C406.2.2.4.

In addition, energy credits are permitted to be achieved for Section C406.2.2.7, Fault detection and diagnostics, where not otherwise required by Section C403.5.4.2

C406.2.2.1 Improved HVAC TSPR. For systems required to comply with Section C403.1.1, the HVAC TSPR shall exceed the minimum requirement by five percent. If improvement is greater, the credits in Table C406.2(1) are permitted to be prorated up to a 20 percent improvement.

C406.2.2.2 More efficient HVAC equipment cooling and fan performance. No less than 90 percent of the total HVAC capacity serving the total conditioned floor area of the entire building, building addition or tenant space in accordance with Section C406.1.1 shall comply with Sections C406.2.2.2.1 through C406.2.2.2.3. Where individual equipment efficiencies vary, weigh them based on capacity.

C406.2.2.2.1 HVAC system selection. Equipment installed shall be types that are listed in the tables in Section C403.3.2.

C406.2.2.2.2 Cooling equipment efficiency. Equipment shall exceed the minimum cooling efficiency requirements listed in the tables in Section C403.3.2 by at least 5 percent. Where equipment exceeds the minimum annual cooling efficiency and heat rejection efficiency requirements by more than 5 percent, energy efficiency credits for cooling shall be determined using Equation 4-15, rounded to the nearest whole number.

(Equation 4-15)

Where:

EECHEC = Energy efficiency credits for cooling efficiency improvement.

EEC5 = Section C406.2.2.2 credits from Table C406.2(1).

CEI = The lesser of the improvement above minimum cooling efficiency requirements, minimum heat rejection efficiency requirements, or 20 percent (0.20). Where cooling efficiency varies by system, use the capacity weighted average efficiency improvement for all cooling equipment combined. The CEI expressed as a fraction shall be determined one of the following ways:

For metrics that increase as efficiency increases, CEI shall be calculated as follows:

CEI	=	CMDES	- 1
		CMMIN

For metrics that decrease as efficiency increases, CEI shall be calculated as follows:

CEI	=	CMMIN	- 1
		CMDES

Where:

CMDES = Design cooling efficiency metric, part-load or annualized where available.

CMMIN = Minimum required cooling efficiency metric, part-load or annualized where available from Section C403.3.2.

For data centers using ASHRAE 90.4, CEI shall be calculated as follows:

CEI	=	AMLCMAX	- 1
		AMLCDES

Where:

AMLCDES = As-designed annualized mechanical load component calculated in accordance with ASHRAE 90.4 Section 6.5.

AMLCMAX = Maximum annualized mechanical load component from ASHRAE 90.4 Table 6.5.

C406.2.2.2.3 Minimum fan efficiency. Where fan energy is not included in packaged equipment rating or it is and the fan size has been increased from the as-rated equipment condition, fan power or horsepower shall be less than 95 percent of the allowed fan power in Section C403.8.1.

C406.2.2.3 More efficient HVAC equipment heating performance. No less than 90 percent of the total HVAC capacity serving the total conditioned floor area of the entire building, building addition or tenant space in accordance with Section C406.1.1 shall comply with Sections C406.2.2.3.1 through C406.2.2.3.2.

C406.2.2.3.1 HVAC system selection. Equipment installed shall be types that are listed in the tables in Section C403.3.2. Electric resistance heating shall be limited to 20 percent of system capacity, with the exception of heat pump supplemental heating. No HVAC systems incorporating fossil fuel-fired equipment, or heat from district energy systems that are primarily heated by fossil fuel combustion, are permitted to utilize this credit.

C406.2.2.3.2 Heating equipment efficiency. Equipment shall exceed the minimum heating efficiency requirements of the tables in Section C403.3.2 by at least 5 percent. Where equipment exceeds the minimum annual heating efficiency requirements by more than 5 percent, energy efficiency credits for heating shall be determined using Equation 4-16, rounded to the nearest whole number.

(Equation 4-16)

Where:

EECHEH = Energy efficiency credits for heating efficiency improvement.

EEC5 = Section C406.2.2.2 credits from Table C406.2(1).

HEI = The lesser of the improvement above minimum heating efficiency requirements or 20 percent (0.20). Where heating efficiency varies by system, use the capacity weighted average percentage for all heating equipment combined. For metrics that increase as efficiency increases, HEI shall be calculated as follows:

HEI	=	HMDES	- 1
		HMMIN

Where:

HMDES = Design heating efficiency metric, part-load or annualized where available.

HMMIN = Minimum required heating efficiency metric, part-load or annualized where available from Section C403.3.2.

EXCEPTION: In low energy spaces complying with Section C402.1.1 and semi-heated spaces complying with Section C402.1.1.2, no less than 90 percent of the installed heating capacity is provided by electric infrared or gas-fired radiant heating equipment for localized heating applications. Such spaces shall achieve credits for EEC5.

C406.2.2.4 Improved low-carbon district energy systems (10 percent better). Not less than 90 percent of the annual service hot water and space heating load, or not less than 90 percent of the annual service hot water, space heating, and space cooling load shall meet the criteria of Section C406.2.2.4.1 or C406.2.2.4.2.

Documentation for the low-carbon district system that is operational prior to the final inspection shall be provided to demonstrate that the definition as modified in Section C406.2.2.4.1 or C406.2.2.4.2 of low-carbon district energy exchange system is satisfied.

C406.2.2.4.1 Improved low-carbon district energy exchange systems (10 percent better). Low-carbon district energy exchange systems must demonstrate the following:

2. No more than 25 percent of the annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuel or electric-resistance sources.

C406.2.2.4.2 Improved low-carbon district energy heating and cooling or heating only systems (10 percent better). Distribution losses must be accounted for and may not exceed 5 percent of the annual load delivered to buildings served by the system. Low-carbon district energy heating and cooling or heating only systems must demonstrate the following:

1. Forty-five percent of the annual district-system-net-load-met (sum of heating and cooling energy provided to attached buildings) comes from heat recovery between connected buildings, waste heat, or renewable energy resources and no more than 25 percent of the annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuel or electric-resistance sources; or

2. No more than 10 percent of the system annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuels or electric-resistance sources. The remaining annual heat input must be provided using heat pump technology with a minimum annual operating COP of 3.0.

C406.2.2.5 Improved low-carbon district energy systems (20 percent better). Not less than 90 percent of the annual service hot water and space heating load, or not less than 90 percent of the annual service hot water, space heating, and space cooling load shall meet the criteria of Section C406.2.2.5.1 or C406.2.2.5.2.

C406.2.2.5.1 Improved low-carbon district energy exchange systems (20 percent better). Low-carbon district energy exchange systems must demonstrate the following:

2. No more than 10 percent of the annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuel or electric-resistance sources.

C406.2.2.5.2 Improved low-carbon district energy heating and cooling or heating only systems (20 percent better). Distribution losses must be accounted for and may not exceed 5 percent of the annual load delivered to buildings served by the system. Low-carbon district energy heating and cooling or heating only systems must demonstrate the following:

1. Fifty percent of the annual district-system-net-load-met (sum of heating and cooling energy provided to attached buildings) comes from heat recovery between connected buildings, waste heat, or renewable energy resources and no more than 10 percent of the annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuel or electric-resistance sources; or

C406.2.2.6 High performance dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS). No less than 90 percent of the total conditioned floor area of the whole project, excluding floor area of unoccupied spaces that do not require ventilation as specified by the International Mechanical Code, shall be served by DOAS installed in accordance with Section C403.3.5 with the following adjustments:

1. Minimum heat recovery sensible effectiveness of 80 percent, calculated in accordance with Section C403.3.5.1.

2. Where design outdoor airflow is greater than 500 cfm (250 L/s), the DOAS shall be equipped with an economizer bypass, damper control, or wheel speed control that is active between 55°F (13°C) and 75°F (24°C) outdoor air temperature and minimizes energy recovery or maintains an appropriate DOAS leaving air temperature when the building is generally in cooling, based either on outdoor air temperature or a DDC zone-based cooling system reset.

3. DOAS total combined fan power shall comply with the fan power limits in Table C403.8.4 where appliable and shall be less than either:

3.1. 0.769 W/cfm (1.55 W/L/s) when calculated in accordance with Section C403.3.5.2.

3.2. Eighty percent of fan power allowance for a constant volume system when calculated in accordance with Section C406.8.1.

This option is not available to areas served by systems utilizing Section C403.2.2.1 exception 5. No HVAC systems incorporating fossil fuel-fired equipment, or heat from district energy systems that are primarily heated by fossil fuel combustion, are permitted to utilize this credit.

C406.2.2.7 Fault detection and diagnostics system. A project not required to comply with Section C403.5.5 shall achieve energy credits for installing a fault detection and diagnostics system to monitor the HVAC system’s performance and automatically identify faults. The installed system shall comply with items 1 through 6 in Section C403.2.3.

C406.2.3 Reduced lighting power. Interior lighting within the whole project, consisting of a whole building, building area, occupancy type, building addition, or tenant space, shall achieve credits by complying with Section C406.2.3.1 or C406.2.3.2. In Group R-1 and Group R-2 occupancies, dwelling and sleeping units shall comply with Section C406.2.3.3 and all other areas shall comply with section C406.2.3.1 or C406.2.3.2. Credits apply to the whole Group R-1 or Group R-2 area.

C406.2.3.1 Reduced lighting power option 1. The total connected interior lighting power calculated in accordance with Section C405.4.1 shall be 90 percent or less of the lighting power values specified in Table C405.4.2(1) times the floor area for the building types, or 90 percent or less of the total interior lighting power allowance calculated in accordance with Section C405.4.2.

C406.2.3.2 Reduced lighting power option 2. The total connected interior lighting power calculated in accordance with Section C405.4.1 shall be 80 percent or less of the lighting power values specified in Table C405.4.2(1) times the floor area of the building types, or 80 percent or less of the total interior lighting power allowance calculated in accordance with Section C405.4.2.

C406.2.3.3 Lamp efficacy. No less than 95 percent of the permanently installed light fixtures in dwelling units and sleeping units shall be provided by lamps with a minimum efficacy of 90 lumens per watt.

C406.2.4 Lighting controls. For buildings with nontransient dwelling units and sleeping units, energy credits shall be achieved by installation of systems that comply with the requirements of Section C406.2.4.1. All other buildings shall achieve energy credits by complying with Section C406.2.4.2. For buildings with mixed occupancies, credits shall be prorated based on floor area.

C406.2.4.1 Residential building lighting control. In buildings with nontransient dwelling units and sleeping units, lighting controls shall be configured to meet the following:

1. Each dwelling unit or sleeping unit shall have a main control by the main entrance that turns off all the lights and switched receptacles in the unit. The main control shall be permitted to have two controls, one for permanently wired lighting and one for switched receptacles. The main controls shall be clearly identified as "lights master off" and "switched outlets master off."

2. Switched receptacles shall be clearly identified and all switched receptacles shall be located within 12 inches of an unswitched receptacle. Each room shall have a minimum of two switched receptacles except bathrooms, kitchens, and closets.

C406.2.4.2 Enhanced digital lighting controls. Measure credits shall be achieved where no less than 50 percent of the gross floor area within the project has luminaires and lighting controls that include high end trim in compliance with standard industry practice and either luminaire-level lighting controls in compliance with Section C405.2, item 2, or networked lighting controls in accordance with standard industry practice. Open office areas subject to the requirements of Section C405.2.1.3 are not permitted to take credit for this option. Where general lighting in more than 50 percent of the gross floor area complies, the base credits from Table C406.2(1). shall be prorated as follows:

[Floor area with high end trim, %] x [Base energy credits for C406.2.4.2] / 50%

C406.2.5 On-site and off-site renewable energy. Projects installing renewable energy systems with a capacity of at least 0.1 watts per gross square foot (1.08 W/m2) of building area in addition to the renewable energy capacity required elsewhere in this code shall achieve energy credits for this measure. Renewable energy systems achieving energy credits shall not be used to satisfy other requirements of this code. Off-site renewable energy systems shall comply with Section C412. Credits shall be prorated from the table value in accordance with Equation 4-17.

(Equation 4-17)

Where:

AECRRa = Section C406.2.5 achieved energy credits for this project as calculated in accordance with Equation 4-17, limited to 50 percent of the required credits in Section C406.1.

RRt = Actual total rating of renewable energy systems (W).

RRr = Rating of renewable energy systems required by Section C412, other sections in this code, or used to qualify for exceptions in this code (W).

RRb = 0.1 W/square foot (1.08 W/m2)

PGFA = Project gross floor area, square feet (m2).

AECb = Section C406.2.5 base credits from Table C406.2(1).

REF = 1.0.

Informative Note: On-site renewable energy may include thermal service water heating or pool water heating, in which case ratings in Btu/h can be converted to W where W = Btu/h / 3.413.

C406.2.6 Reduced energy use in service water heating. Buildings with service hot water heating equipment that serves the whole building, building addition or tenant space shall achieve credits through compliance with:

1. Section C406.2.6.1, C406.2.6.2, or C406.2.6.3.

2. Sections C406.2.6.1 and C406.2.6.2.

3. Sections C406.2.6.1 and C406.2.6.3.

No service water heating systems incorporating fossil fuel-fired equipment, or heat from district energy systems that are primarily heated by fossil fuel combustion, are permitted to utilize this credit.

C406.2.6.1 Shower drain heat recovery. Shower drain heat recovery units shall comply with Section C404.10 and preheat cold water supply to the showers. Potable waterside pressure loss shall be less than 10 psi (69 kPa) at maximum design flow. The efficiency of drain water heat recovery units shall be no less than 54 percent in accordance with CSA B55.1. Full credits are applicable to the following building use types: Multi-family, hotel, motel, dormitory, and schools with locker room showers. Where not all showers in the project have drain heat recovery, the credit is adjusted based on the following:

[Section C406.2.6.1 table credits] x [Showers with drain recovery] / [Total number of showers]

C406.2.6.2 Service water heating energy recovery. Not less than 30 percent of the annual service hot water heating energy use, or not less than 70 percent of the annual service hot water heating energy use in buildings with condenser water systems subject to the requirements of Section C403.9.2.1 or qualifying for one of its exceptions, shall be provided by one or more of the following:

1. Waste heat recovery from service hot water, heat recovery chillers, building equipment, process equipment, or other approved system. Qualifying heat recovery must be above and beyond heat recovery required by other sections of this code.

2. On-site renewable energy water-heating systems where not used to meet other requirements or to obtain other energy credits.

C406.2.6.3 Heat pump service water heating. Projects shall achieve credits through compliance with Section C406.2.6.3.1.

C406.2.6.3.1 Heat pump water heater. Credit shall be achieved where the primary heat pump service water heating system is sized to deliver no less than 100 percent of the net calculated demand for service water production during the peak demand period with entering dry bulb or wet bulb outdoor air temperature at 40°F (4°C) for air-source heat pumps, or 44°F (7°C) ground temperature for ground-source heat pumps, as calculated using the equipment manufacturer’s selection criteria or another approved methodology. For this credit, the net calculated demand shall be the gross building demand less any portion of the demand complying with the exceptions to Section C404.2.3, as amended. Supplemental heating is permitted in accordance with Section C404.2.3, as amended, but cannot use fossil fuels. The refrigerant used in the heat pump system must have a global warming potential (GWP) no greater than 680. Heat pump water heaters shall comply with one of the following:

1. The COP rating shall be a minimum COP of 3.0 reported at the design leaving heat pump water temperature with an entering air temperature of 60°F (16°C) or lower. For water-source equipment, the COP rating will be reported at the design leaving load water temperature with an entering load water temperature of 74°F (23°C) or lower.

2. The uniform energy factor (UEF) shall be a minimum of 3.40 rated based on U.S. Department of Energy requirements.

C406.2.6.4 High efficiency service water heating, gas-fired. The credit achieved shall be from Table C406.2(2) where hot water is supplied by gas-fired equipment with minimum efficiency of 0.91 UEF.

C406.2.7 Improved service hot water temperature maintenance. For buildings with gross floor area greater than 10,000 square feet, credit shall be achieved when hot water temperature maintenance is installed in accordance with Section C406.2.7.1 or C406.2.7.2.

C406.2.7.1 Self-regulated heat trace system. The credit achieved shall be from Table C406.2(1). This system shall include self-regulating electric heat cables, connection kits and electronic controls. The cable shall be installed directly on the hot water supply pipes underneath the insulation to replace standby losses.

C406.2.7.2. Point of use water heater. The credit achieved shall be from Table C406.2(1) where any fixtures requiring hot water shall be supplied from a localized electric source of hot water with no recirculation or heat trace and limited to 2 kW and 6 gallons of storage. The supply pipe length from the point of use water heater to the termination of the fixture supply pipe shall be no more than 20 feet.

C406.2.8 Service hot water distribution right sizing. To achieve this credit, where Group R-1 and R-2 occupancies are served by a central service hot water system, the distribution system serving dwelling units, sleeping units and guestrooms shall be sized using Appendix M of the Uniform Plumbing Code.

C406.2.9 High performance service hot water temperature maintenance system. Systems with multiple riser service hot water circulation systems shall use only heat pump technology for temperature maintenance. The heat pump technology shall have a minimum COP of 3.0 or UEF of 3.4. For air-source equipment, the COP rating will be reported at the design leaving heat pump water temperature with an entering dry bulb air temperature of 60°F (16°C) or lower and a relative humidity of 50 percent or lower. For water-source equipment, the COP rating will be reported at the design leaving load side water temperature with an entering source side water temperature of 74°F (23°C) or lower. The system shall comply with the requirements of Section C404.7.1.

C406.2.10 (Reserved)

C406.2.11 Low flow showerheads for Group R-1 and R-2 occupancies. All showerheads installed in Group R-1 and R-2 dwelling units or sleeping units shall have a maximum listed flowrate of 1.25 gallons per minute or less at 80 psi operating pressure for fixed showerheads and a maximum listed flowrate of 1.50 gallons per minute or less at 80 psi operating pressure for handheld showerheads. When a shower is served by more than one showerhead, including handheld showerheads, the combined flow rate of all showerheads and/or other shower outlets controlled by a single valve shall not exceed 1.25 gallons per minute or less for fixed or 1.5 gallons per minute or less for handheld, or the shower shall be designed to allow only one shower outlet to be in operation at a time.

C406.2.12 Enhanced envelope performance. The Proposed Total UA of the thermal envelope of the project shall be 15 percent lower than the Allowable Total UA determined in accordance with Section C402.1.5 and Equation 4-2.

C406.2.13 Reduced air leakage. Energy credits shall be achieved where measured air leakage of the total conditioned floor area of the whole building, fully isolated building addition or tenant space is determined in accordance with Section C402.5.1.2 and complies with the maximum leakage in either Section C406.2.13.1 or C406.2.13.2.

C406.2.13.1 Base reduced air leakage. Measured air leakage shall not exceed 68 percent of the maximum leakage allowed by Section C402.5.1.2.

C406.2.13.2 Enhanced reduced air leakage. Measured air leakage shall not exceed 33 percent of the maximum leakage allowed by Section C402.5.1.2.

C406.2.14 (Reserved)

C406.2.15 Residential kitchen equipment. For projects with Group R-1 and R-2 occupancies, energy credits shall be achieved where not less than 90 percent of dishwashers, refrigerators, and freezers comply with all of the following:

1. Achieve the ENERGY STAR Most Efficient label in accordance with the 2021 specifications.

2. Be installed prior to the issuance of the certificate of occupancy.

For Group R-1 where only some guestrooms are equipped with both refrigerators and dishwashers, the table credits shall be prorated as follows:

[Section C406.2.15 table credits] x [Floor area of guestrooms with kitchens] / [Total guestroom floor area]

C406.2.16 Residential laundry appliances. For projects with Group R-2 occupancies, energy credits shall be achieved where not less than 90 percent of clothes washers and dryers in the project meet the following requirements:

1. Each dwelling unit contains in-unit washer and dryer equipment that meets the following requirements:

1.1. Achieve the ENERGY STAR Most Efficient label in accordance with the 2021 specifications.

1.2. Be installed prior to the issuance of the certificate of occupancy.

2. Where only some dwelling units are equipped with both washers and dryers, the table credits shall be prorated as follows:

[Section C406.2.16 table credits] x [Floor area of dwelling units with laundry] / [Total dwelling unit floor area]

C406.2.17 Heat pump clothes dryers. Not less than 90 percent of domestic clothes dryers located in Group R-1 and R-2 of the whole project are ENERGY STAR rated heat pump dryers. Credit applies only to buildings where laundry facilities are provided either within each residential dwelling or sleeping units or grouped together in central multi-family use laundry rooms, or a mix of the two.

To claim this credit, the building permit drawings shall specify the appliance type and provide documentation of ENERGY STAR compliance. At the time of inspection, all appliances shall be installed and connected to utilities.

C406.2.18 Efficient elevator equipment. Qualifying elevators in the building shall be Energy Efficient Class A in accordance with ISO 25745-2, Table 7. Only buildings three or more floors above grade shall be permitted to use this credit. Credits shall be prorated based on Equation 4-18, rounded to the nearest whole credit. Projects with a compliance ratio (CRe in Equation 4-18) below 0.5 do not qualify for this credit.

(Equation 4-18)

Where:

ECe = Elevator energy credit achieved for building.

ECt = Section C406.2.18 table energy credit.

CRe	=	FA
		FB

FA = Sum of floors served by Class A elevators.

FB = Sum of floors served by all building elevators and escalators.

**********

SECTION C407

TOTAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE

Section C407.2 is amended to read as follows:

C407.2 Mandatory requirements. Compliance with C407 also requires compliance with those sections shown in Table C407.2.

The building permit application for projects utilizing this method shall include in one submittal all building and mechanical drawings and all information necessary to verify that the building envelope and mechanical design for the project corresponds with the annual energy analysis. If credit is proposed to be taken for lighting energy savings, then an electrical permit application shall also be submitted and approved prior to the issuance of the building permit. If credit is proposed to be taken for energy savings from other components, then the corresponding permit application (e.g., plumbing, boiler, etc.) shall also be submitted and approved prior to the building permit application. Otherwise, components of the project that would not be approved as part of a building permit application shall be modeled the same in both the proposed building and the standard reference design and shall comply with the requirements of this code.

Section C407.3 is amended to read as follows:

C407.3 Performance-based compliance. Compliance with this section requires compliance with ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Appendix G, Performance Rating Method, in accordance with Standard 90.1 Section 4.2.1 with the following modifications.

1. The mandatory requirements of Section G1.2.1a of Standard 90.1 are not required to be met.

2. The reduction in annual carbon emissions of the proposed building design associated with on-site renewable energy shall not be more than 3 percent of the total carbon emissions of the baseline building design. This limitation only applies to onsite renewable energy provided in excess of the renewable energy required by Section C412.

a. The equation PCI + [(PBPnre – PBP)/BBP] – 0.05 < PCIt in Section 4.2.1.1 shall be modified to read PCI + [(PBPnre – PBP)/BBP] – 0.03 < PCIt.

b. The term PBPnre shall be defined as the proposed building performance without credit for reduced annual energy emissions from on-site renewable energy generation system capacity in excess of that installed to satisfy the requirements of Section C412.

3. References to energy cost in Section 4.2.1.1 and Appendix G shall be replaced by carbon emissions calculated by multiplying site energy consumption by the carbon emission factor from Table C407.3(1).

4. The building performance factors in Table C4.2.1.1 shall be replaced with those in Table C407.3(2).

5. Schedules and plug and process loads shall be modeled using the default values listed in Appendix B or in the ASHRAE 90.1 User’s Manual and shall be assumed to be identical in the proposed design and baseline building design.

Exception to item 5. Alternative schedules and plug and process loads shall be permitted where approved by the code official.

6. Documentation requirements in Section G1.3.2.d shall be replaced by a list showing compliance with the mandatory provisions of Table C407.2.

7. Documentation requirements in Section G1.3.2.e shall be replaced by a list of aspects of the proposed design that are less stringent than the prescriptive requirements of the Energy Code.

8. References to yet-to-be-designed future building components in the Proposed Building Performance column of Table G3.1 shall be modified to reference the corresponding sections of the Energy Code in lieu of the requirements of Standard 90.1, in the following sections of the table:

1. Design Model, subclause c.

6. Lighting, subclause c.

11. Service Water-Heating Systems, subclause c.

12. Receptacle and Other Loads, subclause b.

9. HVAC Systems, subclauses c and d of Table G3.1, shall meet the following requirements:

a. For yet-to-be-designed systems in office, retail, library, education, and multifamily buildings and occupancies subject to the TSPR requirements of Section C403.1.1, the system type and efficiency parameters shall meet but not exceed those shown in Table D602.11 Standard Reference Design HVAC Systems.

b. For all other buildings and occupancies, the system type shall be the same as the system modeled in the baseline design and shall comply with but not exceed the requirements of Section C403 in lieu of Standard 90.1.

c. For HVAC systems serving future tenant spaces, where the current building permit applies to only a portion of an HVAC system, and future components will receive HVAC services from systems included in the current building permit, those future components shall be modeled as the type required to complete the HVAC system portions under the current permit and shall meet but not exceed the requirements found in Section C403.

City Informative Note. The permit applicant is encouraged to schedule a pre-application meeting to discuss the modeling approach for any yet-to-be designed areas that are not included in the C407 permit submissions. In general, future permit submissions should not contribute energy savings to the C407 submission beyond prescriptive code requirements, assuming use of the base building HVAC systems. Future systems must be modeled for the base building permit as being no better than the current prescriptive code, because plans often change and the City does not have a mechanism for ensuring that future tenant projects meet any beyond-code performance modeled in the original C407 submission.

Table C407.2 is amended to read as follows:

Table C407.3(1) is amended to read as follows:

a. District energy systems may use alternative emission factors supported by calculations approved by the code official.

b. The TSPR calculation does not separately account for the use of renewable energy.

Table C407.3(2) is amended to read as follows:

Section C407.3.1 is amended to read as follows:

C407.3.1 Limits on substandard building envelopes. The Proposed Total UA of the proposed building shall be no more than 10 percent higher than the Allowed Total UA as defined in Section C402.1.5. Where either Section C402.4.1.1.1 or C402.4.1.1.2 is used to establish the maximum allowable fenestration area for compliance with this section, all of the requirements of the selected section shall be met.

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SECTION C407FF

TOTAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE FOSSIL FUEL COMPLIANCE PATH

C407FF.1 Scope. This section establishes criteria for compliance using total building performance. All systems and loads shall be included in determining the total building performance including, but not limited to: Heating systems, cooling systems, service water heating, fan systems, lighting power, receptacle loads and process loads.

Exception: Energy used to recharge or refuel vehicles that are used for on-road and off-site transportation purposes.

C407FF.2 Mandatory requirements. Compliance with Section C407FF also requires compliance with those sections shown in Table C407FF.2.

The building permit application for projects utilizing this method shall include in one submittal all building and mechanical drawings and all information necessary to verify that the building envelope and mechanical design for the project corresponds with the annual energy analysis. If credit is proposed to be taken for lighting energy savings, then an electrical permit application shall also be submitted and approved prior to the start of building construction. If credit is proposed to be taken for energy savings from other components, then the corresponding permit application (e.g., plumbing, boiler, etc.) shall also be submitted and approved prior to the building permit application. Otherwise, components of the project that would not be approved as part of a building permit application shall be modeled in the baseline in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Appendix G and in the proposed model in accordance with the requirements of the Seattle Energy Code.

Table C407FF.2
Mandatory Compliance Measures for Total Building Performance Method
Sectiona	Title	Comments
Envelope
C401	Thermal envelope certificate
C402.2.7	Airspaces
C402.5	Air leakage
Mechanical
C403.1.2	Calculation of heating and cooling loads
C403.1.3	Data centers
C403.2	System design
C403.3.1	Equipment and system sizing
C403.3.2	HVAC equipment performance requirements
C403.3.3	Hot gas bypass limitation
C403.3.4.4	Boiler turndown
C403.4.1	Thermostatic controls
C403.4.2	Off-hour controls
C403.4.7	Combustion heating equipment controls
C403.4.8	Group R-1 hotel/motel guestrooms	See Section C403.7.4
C403.4.9	Group R-2 and R-3 dwelling units
C403.4.10	Group R-2 sleeping units
C403.4.11	Direct digital control systems
C403.5.5	Economizer fault detection and diagnostics (FDD)
C403.7	Ventilation and exhaust systems	Except for C403.7.6.2
C403.8	Fan and fan controls
C403.9.1.1	Variable flow controls	For cooling tower fans ≥ 7.5 hp
C403.9.1.3	Limitation on centrifugal fan cooling towers	For open cooling towers
C403.10	Construction of HVAC elements
C403.11	Mechanical systems located outside of the building thermal envelope
C403.14	Commissioning
Service Water Heating
C404	Service water heating
Lighting and Electrical
C405	Electrical power and lighting systems
Other Requirements
C407FF	Total building performance
C408	System commissioning
C409	Energy metering
C410	Refrigeration requirements
C411b	Renewable energy
C412	Compressed air systems

a Reference to a code section includes all the relative subsections except as indicated in the table.

b Compliance with any of these sections includes compliance with any exception to that section.

C407FF.3 Performance-based compliance. Compliance with this section requires compliance with ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Appendix G, Performance Rating Method, in accordance with Standard 90.1 Section 4.2.1 with the following modifications:

1. The mandatory requirements of the Seattle Energy Code are required to be met, instead of those of Section G1.2.1a of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1

2. Compliance with Section C407FF requires meeting both a regulated site energy target and a total site energy reduction target in accordance with the following:

2.1. Regulated site energy target. The regulated site energy target is focused on regulated load energy efficiency, thus shall be met only via regulated load savings without consideration of the contribution of on-site or off-site renewable energy or unregulated load savings. Adjustments to the PCI, to account for the contribution of renewable energy found in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Section 4.2.1.1 shall not be used. References to energy cost in Section 4.2.1.1 and Appendix G shall be replaced by site energy use. Heating or cooling energy provided by a district energy system may utilize coefficient of performance (COP) ratios acceptable to the code official for the respective district energy sources. The building performance factors in Table 4.2.1.1 of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 shall be replaced with those in Table C407FF.3(2).

2.2. Total site energy target. The total site energy performance target shall be met including the contributions of on-site or off-site renewable energy as described in Section C411.2 as well as the contributions of improvements in unregulated loads as allowed by Section C407FF.3.4. The annual on-site and off-site renewable energy production (as adjusted by the factors in Table C411.2.1) shall be subtracted from the proposed building annual site energy use. Compliance with the site energy performance target requires that the proposed building site energy use/baseline building site energy use is less than or equal to the site energy performance target from Table C407FF.3(3).

3. Documentation requirements in Section G1.3.2.d shall be replaced by a list showing compliance with the mandatory provisions of Table C407FF.2.

4. Forms demonstrating compliance with Appendix G developed by the U.S. Department of Energy shall be completed and submitted to the code official. The forms are available at energycodes.gov/ashrae-standard-901-performance-based-compliance-form.

5. References to yet-to-be-designed future building components in the Proposed Building Performance column of Table G3.1 shall be modified to reference the corresponding sections of the Seattle Energy Code in lieu of the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 in the following sections of the table:

5.1. No. 1, Design Model, subclause c.

5.2. No. 6, Lighting, subclause c.

5.3. No. 11, Service Water Heating System, subclause c.

5.4. No. 12, Receptacle and Other Loads, subclause b.

6. HVAC systems, subclauses c and d of Table G3.1, shall meet the following requirements:

6.1. For yet-to-be-designed systems in office, retail, library, education, and multifamily buildings and occupancies subject to the TSPR requirements of Section C403.1.1, the system type and efficiency parameters in the proposed model shall meet but not exceed those shown in Table D602.11 Standard Reference Design HVAC Systems.

6.2. For all other buildings and occupancies, the system type shall be the same as the system modeled in the baseline design and shall comply with but not exceed the requirements of Section C403 in lieu of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1.

6.3. For HVAC systems serving future tenant spaces, where the current building permit applies to only a portion of an HVAC system, and future components will receive HVAC services from systems included in the current building permit, those future components shall be modeled as the type required to complete the HVAC system portions under the current permit and shall meet but not exceed the requirements found in Section C403.

7. The requirements for proposed and baseline building lighting system shall be modified in accordance with Addendum af to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1.

8. Energy modeler qualifications. The energy analyst in responsible charge of the Section C407FF submittal shall meet at least one of the following:

8.1. ASHRAE Building Energy Modeling Professional (BEMP) certification.

8.2. Association of Energy Engineer’s Building Energy Simulation Analyst (BESA) certification.

8.3. Successful completion of at least five projects modeled following any version of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Appendix G within the last three years that were reviewed and approved by a code official or rating authority.

City Informative Note. The permit applicant is encouraged to schedule a pre-application meeting to discuss the modeling approach for any yet-to-be designed areas that are not included in the C407FF permit submissions. In general, future permit submissions should not contribute energy savings to the C407FF submission beyond prescriptive code requirements, assuming use of the base building HVAC systems. Future systems must be modeled for the base building permit as being no better than the current prescriptive code, because plans often change and the City does not have a mechanism for ensuring that future tenant projects meet any beyond-code performance modeled in the original C407FF submission.

Table C407FF.3(1)

Reserved

Table C407FF.3(2)
Building Performance Factors (BPF) to be used for Compliance with Section C407FF.3
Building Area Type	Building performance factor
Multifamily	0.45
Health care/hospital	0.63
Hotel/motel	0.46
Office	0.40
Restaurant	0.30
Retail	0.37
School	0.32
Warehouse	0.16
All others	0.39

Table C407FF.3(3)
Site Energy Performance Targets to be used for Compliance with Section C407FF.3
Building Area Type	Site Energy Performance Targets
Multifamily	0.53
Health care/hospital	0.65
Hotel/motel	0.56
Office	0.52
Restaurant	0.53
Retail	0.42
School	0.47
Warehouse	0.26
All others	0.50

C407FF.3.1 Limits on substandard building envelopes. The Proposed Total UA of the proposed building shall be no more than 10 percent higher than the Allowed Total UA as defined in Section C402.1.5. The requirement in Section C402.4 for 20 percent of fenestration to be high-performance, or 35 percent for compliance with Exception 1 to Section C402.4.1, shall be maintained and that fenestration is not permitted to have a U-factor higher than permitted by Section C402.4.

C407FF.3.2 On-site and off-site renewable energy accounting for use with Appendix G. Qualifying on-site and off-site renewable energy delivered or credited to the building project to comply with Section C407FF.3 item 2.2 shall meet the requirements of Section C411.2.

C407FF.3.3 Low-carbon district energy use with Appendix G. Qualifying low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only systems and low-carbon district energy exchange systems shall meet the requirements of Section C407FF.3.3.1 or C407FF.3.3.2, as applicable.

C407FF.3.3.1 Utilization of low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only systems. Applicable if heating and cooling or heating only is provided to the proposed building from a low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only system that is fully operational prior to the final inspection. Proposed model shall account for all on-site HVAC and service hot water related equipment, such as circulation pump energy and heat-exchanger efficiency.

1. The following modifications shall be applied to Appendix G of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 in addition to what is described in Section C407FF.3:

1.1. For low-carbon district heating and cooling systems, strike the text of Sections G3.1.1.1, G3.1.1.2, G3.1.1.3.1, G3.1.1.3.3, and G3.1.1.3.4. Baseline system shall be selected based on unmodified versions of Tables G3.1.1-3 and G3.1.1-4, comparing energy use to determine compliance.

1.2. For low-carbon district heating only systems, strike the text of Sections G3.1.1.1, G3.1.1.3.1, and G3.1.1.3.4. Baseline system shall be selected based on unmodified versions of Tables G3.1.1-3 and G3.1.1-4, with carbon emission factors from Table C407FF.3(1).

2. Any heating or cooling energy provided by the low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only system shall utilize a calculated energy use reduction factor acceptable to the code official to account for energy use reduction from those end uses.

3. Energy “credit” for any waste/recoverable heat exported to the low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only systems shall be accounted for in the proposed design by multiplying the quantity of heat exported by the appropriate seasonal utilization factor in Items 3.1 and 3.2 below. This energy “credit” is subtracted from the total proposed design energy use calculated in accordance with ASHRAE 90.1 Section 4.2.1.1.

3.1. Fifty percent of the waste heat exported to the low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only systems during the months of October through December and January through March.

3.2. Twenty-five percent of the waste heat exported to the low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only systems during the months of April through September.

EXCEPTION: Waste heat exported from the building to the low-carbon district heating and cooling or heating only system shall not be subtracted from the proposed design energy use if they are already accounted for in the calculation of energy use from the district heating or cooling plant as part of the district energy efficiency factor.

Documentation for the low-carbon district system that is operational prior to the final inspection shall be provided to demonstrate the following:

1. Distribution losses must be accounted for and may not exceed 10 percent of the annual load delivered to buildings served by the system.

2. Twenty-five percent of the annual district-system-net-load-met (sum of heating and cooling energy provided to attached buildings) comes from heat recovery between connected buildings, waste heat or renewable energy resources and no more than 25 percent of the annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuel or electric-resistance sources, or not more than 10 percent of the system annual heat input to the system comes from fossil fuel or electric-resistance sources.

C407FF.3.3.2 Utilization of low-carbon district energy exchange systems. Applicable if heating or cooling is provided to the proposed building from a low-carbon district energy exchange system that is fully operational prior to the final inspection. Proposed model shall account for all on-site HVAC and service hot water related equipment, such as circulation pump energy and heat-exchanger efficiency.

1. The following modifications shall be applied to Appendix G of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 in addition to what is described in Section C407FF.3:

1.1. Strike the text of Sections G3.1.1.1, G3.1.1.2, G3.1.1.3, G3.1.1.3.1, G3.1.1.3.2, G3.1.1.3.3, and G3.1.1.3.4. Baseline system shall be selected based on unmodified versions of Tables G3.1.1-3 and G3.1.1-4.

2. Any heating or cooling energy provided by a low-carbon district energy exchange system shall utilize a calculated energy use reduction factor acceptable to the code official to account for the reduction in the proposed model.

3. Energy use “credit” for any waste/recoverable heating exported to the low-carbon district energy exchange system shall be accounted for in the proposed design by multiplying the quantity of heat exported by the appropriate seasonal utilization factor in Items 3.1 and 3.2 below. This energy use “credit” is subtracted from the total proposed design energy use calculated in accordance with ASHRAE 90.1 Section 4.2.1.1.

3.1. Fifty percent of the waste heat exported to the low-carbon district energy exchange system during the months of October through December and January through March.

3.2. Twenty-five percent of the waste heat exported to the low-carbon district energy exchange system during the months of April through September.

Documentation for the low-carbon district system that is operational prior to the final inspection shall be provided to demonstrate that the definition of low-carbon district energy exchange system is satisfied.

C407FF.3.4 Credit for improvements in unregulated loads when using Appendix G. When calculating savings for site energy targets in accordance with Section C407FF.3 item 2.2, but not when calculating savings for emissions targets in accordance with Section C407FF.3 item 2.1, differences in the simulation of unregulated loads and equipment modeled in the baseline building design from those in the proposed design shall be approved by the code official based on documentation that the equipment installed in the proposed design represents a significant verifiable departure from documented current conventional practice. All unregulated equipment for which savings is claimed must be installed by the time of final inspection. The burden of this documentation is to demonstrate that accepted conventional practice would result in baseline building equipment different from that installed in the proposed design. Occupancy and occupancy schedules shall not be changed.

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SECTION C408

SYSTEM COMMISSIONING

Section C408.1 shall be amended to read as follows:

C408.1 General. A building commissioning process led by a certified commissioning professional and functional testing requirements shall be completed for mechanical systems in Section C403; service water heating systems in Section C404; controlled receptacle and lighting control systems in Section C405; equipment, appliance and systems installed to comply with Section C406 or C407; energy metering in Section C409; and refrigeration systems in Section C410.

Exception: Buildings, or portions thereof, which are exempt from Sections C408.2 through C408.7 may be excluded from the commissioning process.

1. Mechanical systems are exempt from the commissioning process where the installed total mechanical equipment capacity is less than 240.000 Btu/h cooling capacity and less than 300,000 Btu/h heating capacity.

2. Service water heating systems are exempt from the commissioning process in buildings where the largest service water heating system capacity is less than 200,000 Btu/h and where there are no pools or permanent spas.

3. Lighting control systems are exempt from the commissioning process in buildings where both the total installed lighting load is less than 20 kW and the lighting load controlled by occupancy sensors or automatic daylighting controls is less than 10 kW.

4. Refrigeration systems are exempt from the commissioning process if they are limited to self-contained units.

Section C408.4 is amended to read as follows:

C408.4 Controlled receptacle and lighting control system commissioning. Controlled receptacles and lighting control systems subject to Section C405 shall be included in the commissioning process required by Section C408.1. The configuration and function of controlled receptacles and lighting control systems required by this code shall be tested and shall comply with Section C408.4.1.

Exception: Lighting control systems and controlled receptacles are exempt from the commissioning process in buildings where:

1. The total installed lighting load is less than 20 kW, and

2. The lighting load controlled by occupancy sensors or automatic daylighting controls is less than 10 kW.

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SECTION C409

ENERGY METERING AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION MANAGEMENT

Section C409.1 is amended to read as follows:

C409.1 General. All new buildings and additions shall have the capability of metering source energy for on-site renewable energy production in accordance with Section C409.2.4 and the end-use energy usage for electric vehicle charging in accordance with Section C409.3.4. New buildings and additions with a gross conditioned floor area over 20,000 square feet shall comply with Section C409. Buildings shall be equipped to measure, monitor, record and display energy consumption data for each energy source and end use category per the provisions of this section, to enable effective energy management. For Group R-2 buildings, the floor area of dwelling units and sleeping units shall be excluded from the total conditioned floor area for the purposes of determining the 20,000 square foot threshold. Alterations and additions to existing buildings shall conform to Section C506.

Exceptions:

1. Tenant spaces smaller than 20,000 square feet within buildings if the tenant space has its own utility service and utility meters.

2. Buildings in which there is no gross conditioned floor area over 10,000 square feet, including building common area, that is served by its own utility services and meters.

Section C409.1.2 is amended to read as follows:

C409.1.2 Conversion factor. Any threshold stated in kW or kVA shall include the equivalent BTU/h heating and cooling capacity of installed equipment at a conversion factor of 3,412 Btu per kW or 2,730 Btu per kVA.

Section C409.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C409.2.1 Electrical energy. This category shall include all electrical energy supplied to the building and its associated site, including site lighting, parking, recreational facilities, and other areas that serve the building and its occupants.

Exception: Where site lighting and other exterior non-building electrical loads are served by an electrical service and meter that are separate from the building service and meter, the metering data from those loads is permitted to be either combined with the building’s electrical service load data or delivered to a separate data acquisition system.

Section 409.2.4 is amended to read as follows:

C409.2.4 Site-generated renewable energy. This category shall include all net energy generated from on-site solar, wind, geothermal, tidal or other natural sources, and waste heat reclaimed from sewers or other off-site sources. For buildings exempt from data collection systems, the data from these meters is permitted to either be stored locally using a manual totalizing meter or other means at the meter or fed into a central data collection system.

Section C409.3 is amended to read as follows:

C409.3 End-use metering. Meters shall be provided to collect energy use data for each end-use category listed in Sections C409.3.1 through C409.3.7. These meters shall collect data for the whole building or for each separately metered portion of the building where not exempted by the exception to Section C409.1. Not more than 10 percent of the total connected load of any of the end-use metering categories in Sections C409.3.1 through C409.3.6 is permitted to be excluded from that end-use data collection. Not more than 10 percent of the total connected load of any of the end-use metering categories in Sections C409.3.1 through C409.3.6 is permitted to consist of loads not part of that category. Multiple meters may be used for any end-use category, provided that the data acquisition system totals all of the energy used by that category. Full-floor tenant space submetering data shall be provided to the tenant in accordance with Section C409.7, and the data shall not be required to be included in other end-use categories.

Exceptions:

1. HVAC and service water heating equipment serving only an individual dwelling unit or sleeping unit does not require end-use metering.

2. Separate metering is not required for fire pumps, stairwell pressurization fans or other life safety systems that operate only during testing or emergency.

3. End use metering is not required for individual tenant spaces not exceeding 2,500 square feet in floor area when a dedicated source meter meeting the requirements of Section C409.4.1 is provided for the tenant space.

4. Healthcare facilities with loads in excess of 150 kVA are permitted to have submetering that measures electrical energy usage in accordance with the normal and essential electrical systems except that submetering is required for the following load categories:

4.1. HVAC system energy use in accordance with the requirements of Section C409.3.1.

4.2. Service water heating energy use in accordance with the requirements of Section C409.3.2.

4.3. Process load system energy in accordance with the requirements of Section C409.3.6 for each significant facility not used in direct patient care, including but not limited to, food service, laundry and sterile processing facilities, where the total connected load of the facility exceeds 100 kVA.

5. End-use metering is not required for electrical circuits serving only Iand guest suites within Group R-1 occupancies. This exception does not apply to common areas or to equipment serving multiple sleeping rooms.

Section C409.4.3 is amended to read as follows:

C409.4.3 Energy display. For each building subject to Section C409.2 and C409.3, either a visible display in a location with ready access, or a single web page or other electronic document available for access to building management or to a third-party energy data analysis service shall be provided in the building available for access to building operation and management personnel. The display shall graphically provide the current energy consumption rate for each whole building energy source, plus each end use category, as well as the total and maximum hourly consumption values for any day, week, month and year.

The display shall be capable of and configured to graphically display the energy use data for any source or end use category or any combination of sources and end uses for any selected daily, weekly, monthly or annual time period, and to view the selected time period simultaneously with another selected time period or a reference benchmark time period. The display shall be capable of weather-normalizing data in the comparison time periods and facilitate display of energy use trends and identification of anomalies.

Section C409.4.4 is amended to read as follows:

C409.4.4 Commissioning. Energy metering and energy consumption management systems shall be commissioned in accordance with Section C408.6.

Section C409.5 regarding metering for existing buildings is relocated to Section 506.1.

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SECTION C410

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Section C410.2 is amended to read as follows:

C410.2 Walk-in coolers, walk-in freezers, refrigerated warehouse coolers and refrigerated warehouse freezers. Refrigerated warehouse coolers, refrigerated warehouse freezers, and all walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers including site assembled, site constructed and prefabricated units shall comply with the following. Where they comprise any portion of the thermal envelope of the building, they shall comply with the requirements of Section C402, using the R-values or U-values listed in this Section C410.2. Section C402.1.5 component performance alternative is permitted to be used where approved by the code official.

1. Automatic door-closers shall be provided that fully close walk-in doors that have been closed to within 1 inch (25 mm) of full closure.

Exception: Automatic closers are not required for doors more than 45 inches (1143 mm) in width or more than 7 feet (2134 mm) in height.

2. Doorways shall be provided with strip doors, curtains, spring-hinged doors or other method of minimizing infiltration when doors are open.

3. Walk-in coolers and refrigerated warehouse coolers shall be provided with wall, ceiling, and door insulation of not less than R-25 or have wall, ceiling and door assembly U-factors no greater than U-0.039. Walk-in freezers and refrigerated warehouse freezers shall be provided with wall, ceiling and door insulation of not less than R-32 or have wall, ceiling and door assembly U-factors no greater than U-0.030.

Exception: Insulation is not required for glazed portions of doors or at structural members associated with the walls, ceiling or door frame.

4. The floor of walk-in coolers shall be provided with floor insulation of not less than R-25 or have a floor assembly U-factor no greater than U-0.040. The floor of walk-in freezers shall be provided with floor insulation of not less than R-28 or have a floor assembly U-factor no greater than U-0.035.

Exception: Insulation is not required in the floor of a walk-in cooler that is mounted directly on a slab on grade.

5. Transparent fixed windows and reach-in doors for walk-in freezers and windows in walk-in freezer doors shall be provided with triple-pane glass, with the interstitial spaces filled with inert gas, or be provided with heat-reflective treated glass.

6. Transparent fixed windows and reach-in doors for walk-in coolers and windows for walk-in cooler doors shall be provided with double-pane or triple-pane glass, with interstitial spaces filled with inert gas, or be provided with heat-reflective treated glass.

7. Evaporator fan motors that are less than 1 hp (0.746 kW) and less than 460 volts shall be provided with electronically commutated motors, brushless direct-current motors, or 3-phase motors.

8. Condenser fan motors that are less than 1 hp (0.746 kW) shall use electronically commutated motors, permanent split capacitor-type motors or 3-phase motors.

9. Antisweat heaters that are not provided with antisweat heater controls shall have a total door rail, glass and frame heater power draw of not greater than 7.1 W/ft2 (76 W/m2) of door opening for walk-in freezers and not greater than 3.0 W/ft2 (32 W/m2) of door opening for walk-in coolers.

10. Where antisweat heater controls are provided, they shall be capable of reducing the energy use of the antisweat heater as a function of the relative humidity in the air outside the door or to the condensation on the inner glass pane.

11. Lights in walk-in coolers, walk-in freezers, refrigerated warehouse coolers and refrigerated warehouse freezers shall either be provided with light sources with an efficacy of not less than 40 lumens per watt, including ballast losses, or shall be provided with a device that turns off the lights within 15 minutes of when the walk-in cooler or walk-in freezer space is not occupied.

12. Evaporator fans in refrigerated warehouses shall be variable speed, and the speed shall be controlled in response to space conditions.

EXCEPTION: Evaporators served by a single compressor without unloading capability.

Section C410.3 is amended to read as follows:

C410.3 Refrigeration systems. Refrigerated display cases, walk-in coolers or walk-in freezers that are served by remote compressors and remote condensers not located in a condensing unit, shall comply with Sections C410.3.1, C410.3.2, and C403.9.2.3.

Exception: Systems where the working fluid in the refrigeration cycle goes through both subcritical and supercritical states (transcritical) or that use ammonia refrigerant are exempt.

Section C410.3.2 is amended to read as follows:

C410.3.2 Compressor systems. Refrigeration compressor systems shall comply with the following:

1. Compressors and multiple-compressor system suction groups shall include control systems that use floating suction pressure control logic to reset the target suction pressure temperature based on the temperature requirements of the attached refrigeration display cases or walk-ins.

Exception: Controls are not required for the following:

1. Single-compressor systems that do not have variable capacity capability.

2. Suction groups that have a design saturated suction temperature of 30°F (-1.1°C) or higher, suction groups that comprise the high stage of a two-stage or cascade system, or suction groups that primarily serve chillers for secondary cooling fluids.

2. Liquid subcooling shall be provided for all low-temperature compressor systems with a design cooling capacity equal to or greater than 100,000 Btu/hr (29.3 kW) with a design-saturated suction temperature of -10°F (-23°C) or lower. The subcooled liquid temperature shall be controlled at a maximum temperature set point of 50°F (10°C) at the exit of the subcooler using either compressor economizer (interstage) ports or a separate compressor suction group operating at a saturated suction temperature of 18°F (-7.8°C) or higher.

2.1. Insulation for liquid lines with a fluid operating temperature less than 60°F (15.6°C) shall comply with Table C403.10.3.

3. Compressors that incorporate internal or external crankcase heaters shall provide a means to cycle the heaters off during compressor operation.

4. Compressor systems utilized in refrigerated warehouses shall conform to the following:

4.1. Compressors shall be designed to operate at a minimum condensing temperature of 70°F or less.

4.2. The compressor speed of a screw compressor greater than 50 hp shall be controllable in response to the refrigeration load or the input power to the compressor shall be controlled to use no more than 60 percent of full load input power when operated at 50 percent of full refrigeration capacity.

EXCEPTION. Refrigeration plants with more than one dedicated compressor per suction group.

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SECTION C411

SOLAR READINESS

Section C411.1 is amended to read as follows:

C411.1 General. In addition to the requirements of Section C412, a solar zone shall be provided on buildings that are 20 stories or less in height above grade plane. The solar zone shall be located on the roof of the building or on another structure elsewhere on the site. The solar zone shall be in accordance with Sections C411.2 through C411.8 and the International Fire Code.

Exception. A solar zone is not required where the solar exposure of the building’s roof area is less than 75 percent of that of an unshaded area, as defined in Section C411.5, in the same location, as measured by one of the following:

1. Incident solar radiation expressed in kWh/ft2-yr using typical meteorological year (TMY) data;

2. Annual sunlight exposure expressed in cumulative hours per year using TMY data;

3. Shadow studies indicating that the roof area is more than 25 percent in shadow, on September 21 at 10am, 11am, 12pm, 1pm, and 2pm solar time.

Section C411.2 is amended to read as follows:

C411.2 Minimum area. The minimum area of the solar zone shall be determined by one of the following methods, whichever results in the smaller area:

1. 40 percent of roof area. The roof area shall be calculated as the horizontally-projected gross roof area less the area covered by skylights, occupied roof decks, mechanical equipment, and planted areas.

2. 20 percent of electrical service size. The electrical service size is the rated capacity of the total of all electrical services to the building, and the required solar zone size shall be based upon 10 peak watts of photovoltaic per square foot.

Exception. Subject to the approval of the code official, buildings with extensive rooftop equipment that would make full compliance with this section impractical shall be permitted to reduce the size of the solar zone required by Section C411.2 to the maximum practicable area.

Example: A building with a 10,000 SF total roof area, 1,000 SF skylight area, and a 400 Amp, 240 volt single phase electrical service is required to provide a solar zone area of the smaller of the following:

1. [40% x (10,000 SF roof area – 1,000 SF skylights)] = 3,600 SF; or

2. [400 Amp x 240 Volts x 20% / 10 watts per SF] = 1,920 SF.

Therefore, a solar zone of 1,920 square feet is required.

Section C411.4 is amended to read as follows:

C411.4 Obstructions. The solar zone shall be free of pipes, vents, ducts, HVAC equipment, skylights and other obstructions, except those serving photovoltaic systems within the solar zone. The solar zone is permitted to be located above any such obstructions, provided that the racking for support of the future system is installed at the time of construction, the elevated solar zone does not shade other portions of the solar zone, and its height is permitted by the International Building Code and the Shoreline Municipal Code Title 20. Photovoltaic or solar water heating systems are permitted to be installed within the solar zone.

Section C411.8 is amended to read as follows:

C411.8 Photovoltaic interconnection. A minimum 2-inch diameter roof penetration conduit shall be provided, with threaded caps above and below the roof deck and minimum R-10 insulation wrapping the lower portion, within each 2,500 square foot section of the required solar zone area. Interconnection of the future photovoltaic system shall be provided for at the main service panel, either ahead of the service disconnecting means or at the end of the bus opposite the service disconnecting means, in one of the following forms:

1. A space for the mounting of a future overcurrent device, sized to accommodate the largest standard rated overcurrent device that is less than 20 percent of the bus rating.

2. Lugs sized to accommodate conductors with an ampacity of at least 20 percent of the bus rating, to enable the mounting of an external overcurrent device for interconnection.

The electrical construction documents shall indicate the following:

1. Solar zone boundaries and access pathways;

2. Location for future inverters and metering equipment; and

3. Route for future wiring between the photovoltaic panels and the inverter, and between the inverter and the main service panel.

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A new Section, Section C412 Renewable Energy is added and shall read as follows:

SECTION C412

RENEWABLE ENERGY

C412.1 On-site renewable energy systems. Each new building or addition larger than 5,000 square feet of gross conditioned floor area shall include a renewable energy generation system consisting of not less than 0.25 watts rated peak photovoltaic energy production per square foot of conditioned space.

Exceptions:

1. Increased additional energy credits. Where 3.0 additional energy credits from Table C406.1 are provided in addition to those required by other sections of this code, the on-site renewable energy generation system is not required.

1.1. Where 1.0 additional energy credits from Table C406.1 is provided in addition to those required by other sections of this code, the size of the on-site renewable energy generation system is permitted to be reduced by 1/3.

1.2. Where 2.0 additional energy credits from Table C406.1 are provided in addition to those required by other sections of this code, the size of the on-site renewable energy generation system is permitted to be reduced by 2/3.

1.3 Where approved by the City, interpolation between exceptions 1, 1.1, and 1.2 is permitted.

2. Reduced Building Performance Factor. For projects utilizing the Section C407 Total Building Performance compliance path, the on-site renewable energy generation system is not required where the building performance factor (BPF) is not less than 3 percent lower than the maximum BPF permitted cumulatively by all other sections of this code.

Example: To use this exception, a building with a required BPF of 50 would be required to provide a BPF of (50 x 0.97 =) 48.5 instead.

2.1 Where the BPF is not less than 1 percent lower than the BPF required cumulatively by other sections of this code, the size of the on-site renewable energy generation system is permitted to be reduced by 1/3.

2.2 Where the BPF is not less than 2 percent lower than the BPF required cumulatively by other sections of this code, the size of the on-site renewable energy generation system is permitted to be reduced by 2/3.

3. Transfer to an affordable housing project. Where approved by the City, all or part of the required on-site renewable energy generation system is permitted to be replaced by construction of a system that is 50 percent of the required system size when located on an existing affordable housing project within the City, or 75 percent of the required system size when located on a new construction affordable housing project within the City. Documentation demonstrating that the renewable energy generation system has been installed on the affordable housing project site, the system is fully operational, and ownership has been transferred to the owner of the affordable housing project, must be submitted prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy.

City Informative Note: Option 3 will only be available if an affordable housing project is available to accept the renewable energy system. There is no assurance that such a project location will be available. It is the owner’s responsibility to locate and coordinate with the affordable housing project, and to ensure that the installation is completed in a timely manner.

4. Transfer to a Washington state agency program. Where approved by the City, all or part of the required renewable energy generation system is permitted to be replaced by a contribution of $2.50 for each required watt of installed capacity, to a solar energy fund managed by a Washington state agency that will provide solar energy installations for affordable housing projects. Documentation demonstrating that the contribution has been received by the state agency must be submitted prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy.

City Informative Note: Option 4 will only be available if a solar energy fund for affordable housing is created by the Housing Trust Fund, Washington State Housing Finance Commission, or another state agency program for which the project is qualified to participate. There is no assurance that such a program will be available.

5. Affordable housing. The on-site renewable energy generation system is not required for affordable housing projects.

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AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 5 EXISTING BUILDINGS

SECTION C502 ADDITIONS

Section C502.1 is amended to read as follows:

C502.1 General. Additions to an existing building, building system or portion thereof shall conform to the provisions of this code as they relate to new construction without requiring the unaltered portion of the existing building or building system to comply with this code. Additions shall not create an unsafe or hazardous condition or overload existing building systems. An addition shall be deemed to comply with this code if the addition alone complies or if the existing building and addition comply with this code as a single building. Additions using the prescriptive path in Section C401.2, item 1, shall also comply with Sections C402, C403, C404, C405, C406, C409.5, C410 and C502.2.

A new section, Section C502.1.1, is added and shall read as follows:

C502.1.1 Additional efficiency package options. Additions shall comply with Section C406, either for the addition only or for the total of the existing building plus addition.

Exception: Additions smaller than 500 square feet of conditioned floor area are not required to comply with Section C406.

Section C502.2.2 is amended to read as follows:

C502.2.2 Skylight area. Additions with skylights that result in a total building skylight area less than or equal to that specified in Section C402.4.1 shall comply with Section C402. Additions with skylights that result in a total building skylight area greater than that specified in Section C402.4.1 shall comply with one of the following:

1. Component performance alternative with the target area adjustment per Section C402.1.5 for the addition area of the building only.

2. Existing building and addition area combined to demonstrate compliance with the component performance alternative for the whole building.

3. Total building performance in accordance with Section C407 for the addition area of the building only.

4. Total building performance for the whole building.

Section 502.2.6.2 shall be amended to read as follows:

C502.2.6.2 Exterior lighting power. The total exterior lighting power for the addition shall comply with Section C405.5.2 for the addition alone, or the existing building and the addition shall comply as a single building.

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SECTION C503 ALTERATIONS

Section C503.1 shall be amended to read as follows:

C503.1 General. Alterations to any building or structure shall comply with the requirements of Section C503 and the code for new construction. Alterations to an existing building, building system or portion thereof shall conform to the provisions of this code as they relate to new construction without requiring the unaltered portions of the existing building or building system to comply with this code. Alterations shall be such that the existing building or structure is no less conforming to the provisions of this code than the existing building or structure was prior to the alteration.

Exceptions:

1. The following alterations need not comply with the requirements for new construction provided the energy use of the building is not increased:

a. Storm windows installed over existing fenestration.

b. Surface applied window film installed on existing single pane fenestration assemblies to reduce solar heat gain provided the code does not require the glazing fenestration to be replaced.

c. Existing ceiling, wall or floor cavities exposed during construction provided that these cavities are insulated to full depth with insulation having a minimum nominal value of R-3.0 per inch installed per Section C402.

d. Construction where the existing roof, wall or floor cavity is not exposed.

e. Roof recover.

f. Air barriers shall not be required for roof recover and roof replacement where the alterations or renovations to the building do not include alterations, renovations or repairs to the remainder of the building envelope.

g. Replacement of existing doors that separate conditioned space from the exterior shall not require the installation of a vestibule or revolving door, provided however that an existing vestibule that separates a conditioned space from the exterior shall not be removed.

2. Alterations are not required to comply with Section C406 except where specifically noted in Sections C503.2 and C505.1.

Section C503.2 is amended to read as follows:

C503.2 Change in space conditioning. Any low energy space in accordance with Section C402.1.1.1 that is altered to become conditioned space or semi-heated space shall be brought into full compliance with this code. Any semi-heated space in accordance with Section C402.1.1.2 that is altered to become conditioned space, or any heated but not cooled space that is altered to become both heated and cooled, shall be brought into full compliance with this code. Compliance shall include the provisions of Section C406, applied only to the portion of the building undergoing a change in space conditioning.

For buildings with more than one space conditioning category, the interior partition walls, ceilings, floors and fenestration that separate space conditioning areas shall comply with the thermal envelope requirements per the area with the highest level of space conditioning.

A change in space conditioning project shall be deemed to comply with this code if the project area alone complies or if the existing building and the project area combined comply with this code as a whole building.

Exception: Buildings or spaces that were permitted prior to the 2009 WSEC, or were originally permitted as unconditioned, may comply with this section as follows:

1. Where the component performance alternative in Section C402.1.5 is used to demonstrate compliance with this section, the Proposed Total UA is allowed to be up to 110 percent of the Allowable Total UA. This exception may be applied to the project area alone, or to the existing building and project area combined as a whole building.

2. Where total building performance in Section C407 is used to demonstrate compliance with this section, the total annual carbon emissions from energy consumption of the proposed design is allowed to be up to 110 percent of the annual carbon emissions from energy consumption allowed by Section C407.3. This exception may be applied to the project area alone, or to the existing building and project area combined as a whole building.

3. The addition of cooling equipment serving rooms or spaces totaling less than 2000 square feet in floor area does not trigger the requirement to comply with this section.

Section C503.3 is amended to read as follows:

C503.3 Building envelope. New building envelope assemblies that are part of the alteration shall comply with Sections C402.1 through C402.5 as applicable. Where an opaque envelope assembly is altered or replaced, the new assembly shall in no case have a higher overall U-value than the existing.

Exception: Air leakage testing is not required for alterations and repairs, unless the project includes a change in space conditioning according to Section C503.2 or a change of occupancy or use according to Section C505.1.

Section C503.3.1 is amended to read as follows:

C503.3.1 Roof replacement. Roof replacements shall comply with Table C402.1.3 or C402.1.4 where the existing roof assembly is part of the building thermal envelope and contains no insulation or contains insulation entirely above the roof deck.

Section C503.3.2 is amended to read as follows:

C503.3.2 Vertical fenestration. The addition of vertical fenestration that results in a total building vertical fenestration area less than or equal to that specified in Section C402.4.1 shall comply with Section C402.4. Alterations that result in a total building vertical fenestration area greater than specified in Section C402.4.1 shall comply with one of the following:

1. Vertical fenestration alternate in accordance with Section C402.4.1.3 for the new vertical fenestration added, where the calculation of vertical fenestration area and gross above-grade wall area shall include either the entire building or, where approved, only those areas of the building involved in the alteration.

2. Reserved.

3. Existing building and alteration area are combined to demonstrate compliance with the component performance alternative with target area adjustment in accordance with Section C402.1.5 for the whole building. The Proposed Total UA is allowed to be up to 110 percent of the Allowed Total UA.

4. Total building performance in accordance with Section C407 for the whole building. The total annual carbon emissions from energy consumption of the proposed design is allowed to be up to 110 percent of the annual carbon emissions from energy consumption allowed in accordance with Section C407.3.

Exception: Where approved by the code official, additional fenestration is permitted where sufficient envelope upgrades beyond those required by other sections of this code are included in the project so that the addition of vertical fenestration does not cause an increase in the overall energy use of the building.

Section C503.3.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

C503.3.2.1 Application to replacement fenestration products. Where some or all of an existing fenestration unit is replaced with a new fenestration product, including sash and glazing, the replacement fenestration unit shall meet the applicable requirements for U-factor and SHGC in Table C402.4. In addition, the area-weighted U-value of the new fenestration shall be equal to or lower than the U-value of the existing fenestration.

Exception: An area-weighted average of the U-factor of replacement fenestration products being installed in the building for each fenestration product category listed in Table C402.4 shall be permitted to satisfy the U-factor requirements for each fenestration product category listed in Table C402.4. Individual fenestration products from different product categories listed in Table C402.4 shall not be combined in calculating the area-weighted average U-factor.

Section C503.4 is amended to read as follows:

C503.4 Mechanical systems. Those parts of systems which are altered or replaced shall comply with Section C403. Additions or alterations shall not be made to an existing mechanical system that will cause the existing mechanical system to become out of compliance.

Exceptions:

1. Existing mechanical systems which are altered or where parts of the system are replaced are not required to be modified to comply with Section C403.3.5 as long as mechanical cooling capacity is not added to a system that did not have cooling capacity prior to the alteration.

2. Alternate mechanical system designs that are not in full compliance with this code may be approved when the code official determines that existing building constraints including, but not limited to, available mechanical space, limitations of the existing structure, or proximity to adjacent air intakes or exhausts make full compliance impractical. Alternate designs shall include additional energy saving strategies not prescriptively required by this code for the scope of the project including, but not limited to, demand control ventilation, energy recovery, or increased mechanical cooling or heating equipment efficiency above that required by Tables C403.3.2(1) through C403.3.2(13).

3. Only those components of existing HVAC systems that are altered or replaced shall be required to meet the requirements of Section C403.8.1, Allowable fan motor horsepower. Components replaced or altered shall not exceed the fan power limitation pressure drop adjustment values in Table C403.8.1(2) at design conditions. Section C403.8.1 does not require the removal and replacement of existing system ductwork.

Section C503.4.2 shall be amended to read as follows:

C503.4.2 Addition of cooling capacity. Where mechanical cooling is added to a space that was not previously cooled, the mechanical system shall comply with either Section C403.3.5 or C403.5.

Exceptions:

1. Qualifying small equipment: Economizers are not required for cooling units and split systems serving one zone with a total cooling capacity rated in accordance with Section C403.3.2 of less than 33,000 Btu/h (hereafter referred to as qualifying small systems) provided that these are high-efficiency cooling equipment with SEER and EER values more than 15 percent higher than minimum efficiencies listed in Tables C403.3.2 (1) through (3), in the appropriate size category, using the same test procedures. Equipment shall be listed in the appropriate certification program to qualify for this exception. The total capacity of all qualifying small equipment without economizers shall not exceed 72,000 Btu/h per building, or 5 percent of the building total air economizer capacity, whichever is greater.

Notes and exclusions for Exception 1:

1.1. The portion of the equipment serving Group R occupancies is not included in determining the total capacity of all units without economizers in a building.

1.2. Redundant units are not counted in the capacity limitations.

1.3. This exception shall not be used for the initial tenant improvement of a shell-and-core building or space, or for total building performance in accordance with Section C407.

1.4. This exception shall not be used for unitary cooling equipment installed outdoors or in a mechanical room adjacent to the outdoors.

2. Chilled water terminal units connected to systems with chilled water generation equipment with IPLV values more than 25 percent higher than minimum part load equipment efficiencies listed in Table C403.3.2(7), in the appropriate size category, using the same test procedures. Equipment shall be listed in the appropriate certification program to qualify for this exception. The total capacity of all systems without economizers shall not exceed 72,000 Btu/h (141 kW) per building, or 20 percent of the building total air economizer capacity, whichever is greater.

Notes and exclusions for Exception 2:

2.1. The portion of the equipment serving Group R occupancy is not included in determining the total capacity of all units without economizers in a building.

2.2. This exception shall not be used for the initial tenant improvement of a shell-and-core building or space, or for total building performance in accordance with Section C407.

Section C503.4.3 is amended to read as follows:

C503.4.3 Alterations or replacement of existing cooling systems. Alterations to, or replacement of, existing mechanical cooling systems shall not decrease the building total economizer capacity unless the system complies with either Section C403.3.5 or C403.5. System alterations or replacement shall comply with Table C503.4 when either the individual cooling unit capacity or the building total capacity of all cooling equipment without economizer does not comply with Sections C403.3.5 or C403.5.

Table C503.4 is amended to read as follows:

a. Minimum equipment efficiency shall comply with Section C403.3.2 and Tables C403.3.2(1) through C403.3.2(13).

b. All separate new equipment and replacement equipment shall have air economizer complying with Section C403.5 including both the individual unit size limits and the total building capacity limits on units without economizer. It is acceptable to comply using one of the exceptions to Section C403.5.

c. Reserved.

d. Equipment shall have a capacity-weighted average cooling system efficiency that is 5 percent better than the requirements in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2) (1.05 x values in Tables C403.3.2(1) and C403.3.2(2)).

e. Equipment shall have a capacity-weighted average cooling system efficiency that is 10 percent better than the requirements in Tables C403.3.2(1)A and C403.3.2(2) (1.10 x values in Tables C403.3.2(1)A and C403.3.2(2)).

f. Minimum of 50 percent air economizer that is ducted in a fully enclosed path directly to every heat pump unit in each zone, except that ducts may terminate within 12 inches of the intake to an HVAC unit provided that they are physically fastened so that the outside air duct is directed into the unit intake. If this is an increase in the amount of outside air supplied to this unit, the outside air supply system shall be configured to provide this additional outside air and be equipped with economizer control.

g. Water-source heat pump systems shall have a flow control valve to eliminate flow through the heat pumps that are not in operation and variable speed pumping control complying with Section C403.4.3 for that heat pump.

• When the total capacity of all units with flow control valves exceeds 15 percent of the total system capacity, a variable frequency drive shall be installed on the main loop pump.

• As an alternate to this requirement, the capacity-weighted average cooling system efficiency shall be 5 percent better than the requirements in footnote e for water-source heat pumps (i.e. a minimum of 15 percent better than the requirements in Table C403.3.2(2) (1.15 x values in Table C403.3.2(2)).

h. Water economizer equipment shall have a capacity-weighted average cooling system efficiency that is 10 percent better than the requirements in Tables C403.3.2(8) and C403.3.2(9) (1.10 x values in Tables C403.3.2(8) and C403.3.2(9)).

i. Air economizer is not required for systems installed with water economizer plate and frame heat exchanger complying with previous codes between 1991 and June 2016, provided that the total fan coil load does not exceed the existing or added capacity of the heat exchangers.

j. For water-cooled process equipment where the manufacturers specifications require colder temperatures than available with water-side economizer, that portion of the load is exempt from the economizer requirements.

k. The air-cooled chiller shall have an IPLV efficiency that is a minimum of 10 percent greater than the IPLV requirements in EER in Table C403.3.2(7) (1.10 x IPLV values in EER in Table C403.3.2(7)).

l. The air-cooled chiller shall be multistage with a minimum of two compressors.

m. Reserved.

n. The water-cooled chiller shall have an IPLV value that is a minimum of 15 percent lower than the IPLV requirements in Table C403.3.2(7), (0.85 x IPLV values in Table C403.3.2(7)). Water-cooled centrifugal chillers designed for non-standard conditions shall have an NPLV value that is at least 15 percent lower than the adjusted maximum NPLV rating in kW per ton defined in Section C403.3.2.1 (0.85 x NPLV).

o. Economizer cooling shall be provided by adding a plate-frame heat exchanger on the water-side with a capacity that is a minimum of 20% of the chiller capacity at standard AHRI rating conditions.

p. Reserved.

q. Systems installed prior to 1991 without fully utilized capacity are allowed to comply with Option B, provided that the individual unit cooling capacity does not exceed 90,000 Btuh.

A new section, Section C503.4.6 is added and shall read as follows:

C503.4.6 New and replacement HVAC heating system equipment. For substantial alterations as defined in Section C503.8.1, or where a building’s central HVAC heating system equipment is augmented or replaced, the building shall comply with Section C401.3 or Section C403.1.4. Where use of heat pump equipment for space heating is required by this section, it is permissible to utilize the Fossil Fuel Compliance Path in Section C401.3 to attain the credits required for building additions shown in Table C401.3.3.

Exception. Where only one heating appliance is failing and is replaced by another having the same or lesser heating capacity and the same or higher efficiency, no other alterations are made to the central HVAC system, and this exception has not been used within the same building in the previous 24-month period, this provision does not apply.

Section C503.5 is amended to read as follows:

C503.5 Service hot water systems. New service hot water systems that are part of the alteration shall comply with Section C407FF or Section C404. Where use of heat pump equipment for space heating is required by this section, it is permissible to utilize the Fossil Fuel Compliance Path in Section C401.3 to attain the credits required for building additions shown in Table C401.3.3.

Exception. Where only one service hot water appliance is failing and is replaced by another having the same or lesser heating capacity and the same or higher efficiency, no other alterations are made to the central service hot water system, and this exception has not been used within the same building in the previous 24-month period, this provision does not apply.

Section C503.6 is amended to read as follows:

C503.6 Lighting, receptacles and motors. Alterations or the addition of lighting, receptacles and motors shall comply with Sections C503.6.1 through C503.6.6.

Section C503.6.1 is amended to read as follows:

C503.6.1 Luminaire additions and alterations. Alterations that add, alter, or replace 20 percent or more of the luminaires or of the lamps plus ballasts alone in a space enclosed by walls or ceiling-height partitions, replace 20 percent or more of parking garage luminaires, or replace 20 percent or more of the total installed wattage of exterior luminaires shall comply with Sections C405.4 and C405.5. Where less than 20 percent of the fixtures in an interior space enclosed by walls or ceiling-height partitions or in a parking garage are added or replaced, or less than 20 percent of the installed exterior wattage is replaced, the installed lighting wattage shall be maintained or reduced.

Section C503.6.3 is amended to read as follows:

C503.6.3 New or moved lighting panel. Where a new lighting panel (or a moved lighting panel) with all new raceway and conductor wiring from the panel to the fixtures is being installed, controls shall also comply with, in addition to the requirements of Section C503.6.2, all requirements in Sections C405.2 and C408.3.

Section C503.6.5 is amended to read as follows:

C503.6.5 Motors. Those motors which are altered or replaced shall comply with Section C405.8. In no case shall the energy efficiency of the building be decreased.

Section C503.6.6 is amended to read as follows:

C503.6.6 Controlled receptacles. Where electric receptacles are added or replaced, controlled receptacles shall be provided in accordance with Section C405.10.

Exceptions:

1. Where an alteration project impacts an area smaller than 5,000 square feet, controlled receptacles are not required.

2. Where existing systems furniture or partial-height relocatable office cubicle partitions are reconfigured or relocated within the same area, controlled receptacles are not required in the existing systems furniture or office cubicle partitions.

3. Where new or altered receptacles meet exception 1 to Section C405.10, they are not required to be controlled receptacles or be located within 12 inches of non-controlled receptacles.

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SECTION C504

REPAIRS

Section C504.2 is amended to read as follows:

C504.2 Application. For the purposes of this code, the following shall be considered repairs.

1. Glass only replacements in an existing sash and frame.

2. Roof repairs.

City Informative Note: Exceptions 3 and 4 appear in the exceptions to Section C503.1.

For Exception 5, see Section C503.6.1.

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SECTION C505

CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY OR USE

Section C505.1 is amended to read as follows:

C505.1 General. Spaces undergoing a change in occupancy shall be brought up to full compliance with this code in the following cases:

1. Any space that is converted from an F, S or U occupancy to an occupancy other than F, S or U.

2. Any space that is converted to a Group R dwelling unit or portion thereof, from another use or occupancy.

3. Any Group R dwelling unit or portion thereof permitted prior to July 1, 2002, that is converted to a commercial use or occupancy.

Exception: Buildings or spaces that were permitted prior to the 2009 WSEC, or were originally permitted as unconditioned, may comply with this section as follows:

2. Where total building performance in Section C407 is used to demonstrate compliance with this section, the total annual carbon emissions from energy consumption of the proposed design is allowed to be 110 percent of the annual carbon emissions from energy consumption allowed by Section C407.3. This exception may be applied to the

project area alone, or to the existing building and project area combined as a whole building.

3. Where the building or space is altered to become a bakery, commercial kitchen or commercial laundry, and the proposed design uses only all-electric Energy Star–rated process equipment and code compliant all-electric HVAC equipment, improvements to the building envelope immediately adjoining the spaces containing that use shall not be required. For the purposes of this exception, no fossil fuel burning equipment of any kind may be installed within the building or space undergoing the change of occupancy.

Compliance shall include the provisions of Section C406, applied only to the portion of the building undergoing a change of occupancy or use. Where the use in a space changes from one use in Table C405.4.2(1) or (2) to another use in Table C405.4.2(1) or (2), the installed lighting wattage shall comply with Section C405.4.

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A NEW SECTION, Section C506 is added and shall read as follows:

SECTION C506

METERING FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS

City Informative Note: Section C506.1 was relocated from Section C409.5.

C506.1 Existing buildings that were constructed subject to the requirements of this section. Where new or replacement systems or equipment are installed in an existing building that was constructed subject to the requirements of this section, metering shall be provided for such new or replacement systems or equipment so that their energy use is included in the corresponding end-use category defined in Section C409.3. This includes systems or equipment added in conjunction with additions or alterations to existing buildings.

C506.1.1 Small existing buildings. In buildings that were constructed subject to Section C409, metering and data acquisition systems shall be provided for additions over 10,000 square feet in accordance with the requirements of sections C409.2, C409.3 and C409.4.

C506.2 Metering for the addition or replacement of HVAC equipment in existing buildings. Where HVAC equipment is added or replaced, metering shall be provided according to Sections C506.2.1 or C506.2.2, as applicable.

C506.2.1 Addition or replacement of individual HVAC equipment pieces. Where HVAC equipment is added or replaced, but compliance with Section C506.2.2 is not required, metering shall be provided as follows, and the data from these meters is permitted to either be stored locally using a manual totalizing meter or other means at the meter or fed into a central data collection system.

1. Electrical metering shall be provided for all of the following:

a. Each new or existing branch circuit serving a new piece of HVAC equipment with minimum circuit ampacity (MCA) that equates to 50 kVA or more. A single meter is permitted to serve multiple circuits of the same submetering category from Section C409.3.

b. Each new or existing branch circuit supplied by a new electrical panel that is dedicated to serving HVAC equipment. It shall be permitted to meter the circuits individually or in aggregate.

c. Each new HVAC fan or pump on a variable speed drive, where the fan, pump, or variable speed drive are new, unless the variable speed drive is integral to a packaged HVAC unit or the existing variable speed drive does not have the capability to provide electric metering output.

2. Natural gas metering shall be provided for each new natural gas connection that is rated at 1,000 kBTU or higher. A single meter is permitted to serve multiple equipment pieces of the same sub-metering category from Section C409.3; HVAC, water heating or process.

C506.2.2 Addition or replacement of the majority of HVAC equipment in a building. Where permits are issued for new or replacement HVAC equipment that has a total heating and cooling capacity greater than 1,200 kBTU/hour and greater than 50 percent of the building’s existing HVAC heating and cooling capacity, within any 12-month period, the following shall be provided for the building:

1. Energy source metering required by Section C409.2.

2. HVAC system end-use metering required by Section C409.3.1.

3. Data acquisition and display system per the requirements of Section C409.4.

Each of the building’s existing HVAC chillers, boilers, cooling towers, air handlers, packaged units and heat pumps that has a capacity larger than 5 tons or that represents more than 10 percent of the total heating and cooling capacity of the building shall be included in the calculation of the existing heating and cooling capacity of the building. Where heat pumps are configured to deliver both heating and cooling, the heating and cooling capacities shall both be included in the calculation of the total capacity.

Each of the building’s existing and new HVAC chillers, boilers, cooling towers, air handlers, packaged units and heat pumps that has a heating or cooling capacity larger than 5 tons or that represents more than 10 percent of the total heating and cooling capacity of the building shall be included in the HVAC system end-use metering.

Construction documents for new or replacement heating and cooling equipment projects shall indicate the total heating and cooling capacity of the building’s existing HVAC equipment and the total heating and cooling capacity of the new or replacement equipment. Where permits have been issued for new or replacement heating and cooling equipment within the 12-month period prior to the permit application date, the heating and cooling capacity of that equipment shall also be indicated. For the purpose of this tabulation, heating and cooling capacities of all equipment shall be expressed in kBTU / hour.

C506.3 Tenant space electrical sub-metering for existing buildings. For tenant improvements in which a single tenant will occupy a full floor or multiple floors of a building, the electrical consumption for the tenant space on that floor shall be separately metered, and the metering data provided to the tenant with a display system per the requirements of Section C409.4.3. For the purposes of this section, separate end use categories need not be segregated.

EXCEPTION: Where an existing branch circuit electrical panel serves tenant spaces on multiple full floors of a building, the floors served by that panel are not required to comply with this section.

C506.4 Metering for complete electrical system replacement. If all, or substantially all, of the existing electrical system is replaced under a single electrical permit or within a 12-month period, all of the provisions of Section C409 shall be met.

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AMENDMENTS TO CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6

REFERENCED STANDARDS

The following sections, ASHRAE and HVI, of the Referenced Standards Table is amended to read as follows:

APPENDIX A is amended to read as follows:

Appendix D is amended as follows:

APPENDIX D

CALCULATION OF HVAC TOTAL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE RATIO

Section D101 is amended to read as follows:

D101 Scope. This appendix establishes criteria for demonstrating compliance using the HVAC total system performance ratio (HVAC TSPR) for systems serving office, retail, library, and education occupancies and buildings, which are subject to the requirements of Section C403.3.5 without exception and dwelling units and common areas within multifamily buildings. Those HVAC systems shall comply with Section C403 and this appendix as required by Section C403.1.1.

Table C407.1 is amended to read as follows:

a. District energy systems may use alternative emissions factors supported by calculations approved by the code official.

b. The TSPR calculation does not separately account for the use of renewable energy.

Section D601.2.1 is amended to read as follows:

D601.2.1 Number of blocks. One or more blocks may be required per building based on the following restrictions:

1. Each block can have only one occupancy type (multifamily dwelling unit, multifamily common area, office, library, education, or retail). Therefore, at least one single block shall be created for each unique use type.

2. Each block can be served by only one type of HVAC system. Therefore, a single block shall be created for each unique HVAC system and use type combination. Multiple HVAC units of the same type may be represented in one block. Table D601.10.2 provides directions for combining multiple HVAC units or components of the same type into a single block.

3. Each block can have a single definition of floor to floor or floor to ceiling heights. Where floor heights differ by more than two feet, unique blocks should be created for the floors with varying heights.

4. Each block can include either above grade or below grade floors. For buildings with both above grade and below grade floors, separate blocks should be created for each. For buildings with floors partially above grade and partially below grade, if the total wall area of the floor(s) in consideration is greater than or equal to 50 percent above grade, then it should be simulated as a completely above grade block, otherwise it should be simulated as a below grade block.

5. Each wall on a facade of a block shall have similar vertical fenestration. The product of the proposed design U-factor times the area of windows (UA) on each facade of a given floor cannot differ by more than 15 percent of the average UA for that facade in each block. The product of the proposed design SHGC times the area of windows (USHGC) on each facade of a given floor cannot differ by more than 15 percent of the average USHGC for that facade in each block. If either of these conditions are not met, additional blocks shall be created consisting of floors with similar fenestration.

6. For a building model with multiple blocks, the blocks should be configured together to have the same adjacencies as the actual building design.

Section D601.4.1 is amended to read as follows:

D601.4.1 Occupancy type. The occupancy type for each block shall be consistent with the building area type as determined in accordance with C405.4.2.1. Portions of the building that are building area types other than multifamily, office, school (education), library, or retail shall not be not be included in the simulation.

Section D601.4.2 is amended to read as follows:

D601.4.2 Occupancy schedule, density, and heat gain. The occupant density, heat gain, and schedule shall be for multifamily, office, retail, library, or school as specified by ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Normative Appendix C.

Section D601.06 is amended to read as follows:

D601.6 Lighting. Interior lighting power density shall be equal to the allowance in Table C405.4.2(1) for multifamily, office, retail, library, or school. The lighting schedule shall be for multifamily, office, retail, library, or school as specified by ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Normative Appendix C. The impact of lighting controls is assumed to be captured by the lighting schedule and no explicit controls shall be modeled. Exterior lighting shall not be modeled.

Section D601.7 is amended to read as follows:

D601.7 Miscellaneous equipment. The miscellaneous equipment schedule and power shall be for multifamily office, retail, library, or school as specified by ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Normative Appendix C. The impact of miscellaneous equipment controls is assumed to be captured by the equipment schedule and no explicit controls shall be modeled.

Exceptions.

1. Multifamily dwelling units shall have a miscellaneous load density of 0.42 W/ft2.

2. Multifamily common areas shall have a miscellaneous load density of 0 W/ft2.

Table D601.11.2 is amended to read as follows:

Table D602.11 is amended to read as follows:

Footnotes to Table D602.11

a. Offices <50,000 ft2 use “Small Office” parameters; otherwise use “Large Office” parameters.

b. Space conditioning system shall cycle on to meet heating and cooling set point schedules as specified in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Normative Appendix C. One space conditioning system is modeled in each zone. Conditioning system fan operation is not necessary for ventilation delivery.

c. The equipment capacities (i.e. system coil capacities) for the standard reference design building design shall be based on design day sizing runs and shall be oversized by 15% for cooling and 25% for heating.

d. COPs shown are direct heating or cooling performance and do not include fan energy use. See 90.1 appendix G (G3.1.2.1) for separation of fan from COP in packaged equipment for units where the efficiency rating includes fan energy (e.g., SEER, EER, HSPF, COP).

e. Economizer on space conditioning systems shall be simulated when outdoor air conditions allow free cooling. Economizer high limit shall be based on differential dry-bulb control. DOAS system continues to operate during economizer mode.

f. Airflow equal to the outside air ventilation requirements is supplied and exhausted through a separate DOAS system including a supply fan, exhaust fan, and sensible only heat exchanger. No additional heating or cooling shall be provided by the DOAS. A single DOAS system will be provided for each block. The DOAS supply and return fans shall run whenever the HVAC system is scheduled to operate in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Normative Appendix C.

g. “Wild” DOAS control indicates no active control of the supply air temperature leaving the DOAS system. Temperature will fluctuate based only on entering and leaving conditions and the effectiveness of ERV.

h. “Bypass” DOAS control includes modulating dampers to bypass ERV with the intent to maintain supply air temperature at a maximum of 60°F when outside air is below 75°F. Once outside air is above 75°F bypass dampers will be fully closed.

i. Includes a single axial fan cooling tower with variable-speed fans at 40.2 gpm/hp, sized for an approach of 10°F and a range of 10°F.

j. Includes a single natural draft boiler with 80% Et.

k. Loop boiler and heat rejection shall be controlled to maintain loop temperature entering heat pumps between 50°F and 70°F.

l. Pump motor input power shall be 16 W/gpm.

m. Loop flow shall be variable with variable speed drive pump and unit fluid flow shutoff at each heat pump when its compressor cycles off.

[Ord. 987 § 1(E) (Exh. B), 2024; Ord. 948 § 2 (Exh. A), 2021]